Eltrombopag

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Eltrombopag
Eltrombopag.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Promacta, Revolade, others
Other namesSB-497115-GR
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a609011
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration 		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ~52% [3]
Protein binding >99%
Metabolism extensive liver (through CYP1A2 and CYP2C8)
Elimination half-life 21–35 hours
Excretion feces (59%), urine (31%)
Identifiers
  • 3'-{(2Z)-2-[1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene]hydrazino}-2'-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.128.125 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C25H22N4O4
Molar mass 442.475 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC1=NN(c2ccc(C)c(C)c2)C(=O)/C1=N\Nc1cccc(-c2cccc(C(=O)O)c2)c1O
  • InChI=1S/C25H22N4O4/c1-14-10-11-19(12-15(14)2)29-24(31)22(16(3)28-29)27-26-21-9-5-8-20(23(21)30)17-6-4-7-18(13-17)25(32)33/h4-13,26,30H,1-3H3,(H,32,33)/b27-22- Yes check.svgY
  • Key:XDXWLKQMMKQXPV-QYQHSDTDSA-N Yes check.svgY
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Eltrombopag, sold under the brand name Promacta among others, is a medication used to treat thrombocytopenia (abnormally low platelet counts) and severe aplastic anemia. [3] [4] Eltrombopag is sold under the brand name Revolade outside the US and is marketed by Novartis. [6] It is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist. [3] It is taken by mouth. [3] [4]

Contents

Eltrombopag was discovered as a result of research collaboration between GlaxoSmithKline and Ligand Pharmaceuticals and is transferred to Novartis Pharmaceuticals. [6] [7] [8]

Medical uses

Eltrombopag was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2008, for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in people with chronic immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura who have had an insufficient response to corticosteroids, immunoglobulin therapy, or splenectomy. [9] [10] [11]

In August 2015, the FDA approved eltrombopag (Promacta for oral suspension) for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in children one year of age and older with idiopathic thrombocytopenia who have had an insufficient response to corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, or splenectomy. [12]

Development

In preclinical studies, the compound was shown to interact selectively with the thrombopoietin receptor, leading to activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and increased proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes. Animal studies confirmed that it increased platelet counts. In 73 healthy volunteers, higher doses of eltrombopag caused larger increases in the number of circulating platelets without tolerability problems. [13]

Clinical trials

Eltrombopag has been shown to be effective in two major clinical syndromes: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) [14] and cirrhosis due to hepatitis C (in which low platelet counts may be a contraindication for interferon treatment). [15]

After six weeks of therapy in a phase III trial, eltrombopag 50 mg/day was associated with a significantly higher response rate than placebo in adult patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). [16]

History

Eltrombopag received breakthrough therapy designation from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in February 2014, for people with aplastic anemia for which immunosuppression has not been successful. [17] In 2017, the NIH made Eltrombopag a standard of care in aplastic anemia. [18]

Society and culture

In October 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Eltrombopag Viatris, intended for the treatment of people with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and thrombocytopenia associated with chronic hepatitis C. [19] The applicant for this medicinal product is Viatris Limited. [19] Eltrombopag Viatris was authorized in December 2024. [20]

Research

It has been shown to produce a trilineage hematopoiesis in some people with aplastic anemia, resulting in increased platelet counts, along with red and white blood cell counts. [21] Eltrombopag has been shown to target ELAVL1/HuR-RNA interactions affecting gene expression, iron metabolism, and glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide (CGA) levels. [22] The transcription factor EB (TFEB) has been detected as an Eltrombopag target in starvation-induced conditions. [23]

References

  1. 1 2 "Revolade Product Information". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  2. ↑ "Revolade 25 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 17 August 2020. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Promacta- eltrombopag olamine tablet, film coated Promacta- eltrombopag olamine powder, for suspension". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 "Revolade EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  5. ↑ "Revolade Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. 15 March 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  6. 1 2 "Ligand Sells Promacta Assets and Royalty for $827 Million" (Press release). Ligand Pharmaceuticals. 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021– via Business Wire.
  7. ↑ "Revolade". GSK Canada. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  8. ↑ "Novartis announces completion of transactions with GSK". Sandoz (Press release). Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  9. ↑ "Approval Letter" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Promacta (Eltrombopag) NDA #022291". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 14 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  11. ↑ "Summary Review" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 19 January 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  12. ↑ "FDA extends use of Promacta in young children with rare blood disorder" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2016.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  13. ↑ Jenkins JM, Williams D, Deng Y, Uhl J, Kitchen V, Collins D, et al. (June 2007). "Phase 1 clinical study of eltrombopag, an oral, nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist". Blood. 109 (11): 4739–4741. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-057968 . PMID   17327409.
  14. ↑ Bussel JB, Cheng G, Saleh MN, Psaila B, Kovaleva L, Meddeb B, et al. (November 2007). "Eltrombopag for the treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (22): 2237–2247. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa073275 . PMID   18046028.
  15. ↑ McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Shiffman ML, Rodriguez-Torres M, Sigal S, Bourliere M, et al. (November 2007). "Eltrombopag for thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (22): 2227–2236. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa073255 . PMID   18046027. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  16. ↑ Garnock-Jones KP, Keam SJ (2009). "Eltrombopag". Drugs. 69 (5): 567–576. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969050-00005. PMID   19368418. S2CID   265943270.
  17. ↑ "Eltrombopag / Promacta". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  18. ↑ Townsley DM, Scheinberg P, Winkler T, Desmond R, Dumitriu B, Rios O, et al. (April 2017). "Eltrombopag Added to Standard Immunosuppression for Aplastic Anemia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (16): 1540–1550. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613878 . PMC   5548296 . PMID   28423296.
  19. 1 2 "Eltrombopag Viatris EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 October 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  20. ↑ "Eltrombopag Viatris Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. 13 December 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  21. ↑ Desmond R, Townsley DM, Dumitriu B, Olnes MJ, Scheinberg P, Bevans M, et al. (March 2014). "Eltrombopag restores trilineage hematopoiesis in refractory severe aplastic anemia that can be sustained on discontinuation of drug". Blood. 123 (12): 1818–1825. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-10-534743. PMC   3962161 . PMID   24345753.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  22. ↑ Idlin N, Krishnamoorthy S, Wolczyk M, Fakhri M, Lechowski M, Stec N, et al. (January 2025). "Effects of genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of HuR on gene expression, iron metabolism, and hormone levels". BMC Biology. 23 (1): 24. doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02131-z . PMC   11756078 . PMID   39849491.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  23. ↑ Lin Y, Shi Q, Yang G, Shi F, Zhou Y, Wang T, et al. (February 2023). "A small-molecule drug inhibits autophagy gene expression through the central regulator TFEB". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (7): e2213670120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12013670L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2213670120 . PMC   9963785 . PMID   36749723.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
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