Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide

CGA
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1DZ7, 1E9J, 1FL7, 1HCN, 1HD4, 1HRP, 1QFW, 1XWD, 4AY9, 4MQW
Identifiers
Aliases	CGA , CG-ALPHA, FSHA, GPHA1, GPHa, HCG, LHA, TSHA, Chorionic gonadotropin alpha, glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide, Alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones, GPA1
External IDs	OMIM: 118850; MGI: 88390; HomoloGene: 587; GeneCards: CGA; OMA:CGA - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human) [1] Band 6q14.3 Start 87,085,498 bp [1] End 87,095,106 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse) [2] Band 4 A5|4 16.86 cM Start 34,893,779 bp [2] End 34,907,370 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in anterior pituitary placenta buccal mucosa cell testicle tail of epididymis gonad amniotic fluid decidua islet of Langerhans hair follicle Top expressed in pituitary gland median eminence anterior pituitary pars tuberalis arcuate nucleus pars distalis of adenohypophysis morula embryo outer nuclear layer blastocyst More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein binding hormone activity follicle-stimulating hormone activity Cellular component Golgi lumen extracellular region extracellular space follicle-stimulating hormone complex Biological process cell-cell signaling peptide hormone processing positive regulation of cell population proliferation positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II signal transduction positive regulation of cell migration regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of signaling receptor activity G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process thyroid hormone generation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 1081 12640 Ensembl ENSG00000135346 ENSMUSG00000028298 UniProt P01215 P01216 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001252383 NM_000735 NM_009889 RefSeq (protein) NP_000726 NP_001239312 NP_034019 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 87.09 – 87.1 Mb Chr 4: 34.89 – 34.91 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGA gene. ^[5]

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and the gonadotropin hormones human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta subunits (also called chains) that are associated non-covalently. The alpha subunits of these four human glycoprotein hormones are identical; however, their beta chains are unique and confer biological specificity. The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha subunit and belongs to the glycoprotein hormones alpha chain family. ^[6] CGA levels are regulated by ELAVL1/HuR, and the small molecule Eltrombopag, which targets HuR/RNA interactions, has been shown to reduce CGA levels in human cultured cells. ^[7]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135346 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028298 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Fiddes JC, Goodman HM (Oct 1982). "The gene encoding the common alpha subunit of the four human glycoprotein hormones". Journal of Molecular and Applied Genetics. 1 (1): 3–18. PMID   6286817.
6. "Entrez Gene: CGA glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide".
7. Idlin, Nathalie; Krishnamoorthy, Sivakumar; Wolczyk, Magdalena; Fakhri, Mouad; Lechowski, Michal; Stec, Natalia; Milek, Jacek; Mandal, Pratik Kumar; Cendrowski, Jaroslaw; Spanos, Christos; Dziembowska, Magdalena; Mleczko-Sanecka, Katarzyna; Rappsilber, Juri; Michlewski, Gracjan (2025-01-23). "Effects of genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of HuR on gene expression, iron metabolism, and hormone levels". BMC Biology. 23 (1): 24. doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02131-z . ISSN   1741-7007. PMC   11756078 . PMID   39849491.

Further reading

• Roger M, Lahlou N, Couzinet B, Chaussain JL, Scholler R (Oct 1989). "[Free alpha-subunit glycoprotein hormones: physiological and pathological data]". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 33 (4B): 763–9. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(89)90489-5. PMID   2481154.
• Pierce JG (Dec 1971). "Eli Lilly lecture. The subunits of pituitary thyrotropin--their relationship to other glycoprotein hormones". Endocrinology. 89 (6): 1331–44. doi:10.1210/endo-89-6-1331. PMID   5002675.
• Kourides IA, Gurr JA, Wolf O (1984). "The regulation and organization of thyroid stimulating hormone genes". Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 40: 79–120. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571140-1.50007-4. ISBN   9780125711401. PMID   6207569.
• Miyoshi I, Kasai N, Hayashizaki Y (Apr 1994). "[Structure and regulation of human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) gene]". Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine. 52 (4): 940–7. PMID   8196184.
• Barrios-De-Tomasi J, Timossi C, Merchant H, Quintanar A, Avalos JM, Andersen CY, Ulloa-Aguirre A (Jan 2002). "Assessment of the in vitro and in vivo biological activities of the human follicle-stimulating isohormones". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 186 (2): 189–98. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00657-8. PMID   11900895. S2CID   27824657.
• Moyle WR, Bahl OP, März L (Dec 1975). "Role of carbohydrate of human chorionic gonadotropin in the mechanism of hormone action". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (23): 9163–9. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40704-7 . PMID   172504.
• Fiddes JC, Goodman HM (Oct 1979). "Isolation, cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA for the alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin". Nature. 281 (5730): 351–6. Bibcode:1979Natur.281..351F. doi:10.1038/281351a0. PMID   481597. S2CID   4349804.
• Sairam MR, Li CH (Jul 1977). "Human pituitary thyrotropin. The primary structure of the alpha and beta subunits". Canadian Journal of Biochemistry. 55 (7): 755–60. doi:10.1139/o77-108. PMID   890569.
• Morgan FJ, Birken S, Canfield RE (Jul 1975). "The amino acid sequence of human chorionic gonadotropin. The alpha subunit and beta subunit". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (13): 5247–58. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41303-3 . PMID   1150658.
• Rathnam P, Saxena BB (Sep 1975). "Primary amino acid sequence of follicle-stimulating hormone from human pituitary glands. I. alpha subunit". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (17): 6735–46. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40994-0 . PMID   1158880.
• Weisshaar G, Hiyama J, Renwick AG, Nimtz M (Jan 1991). "NMR investigations of the N-linked oligosaccharides at individual glycosylation sites of human lutropin". European Journal of Biochemistry. 195 (1): 257–68. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15702.x. PMID   1991473.
• Sakakibara R, Yokoo Y, Yoshikoshi K, Tominaga N, Eida K, Ishiguro M (Nov 1987). "Subcellular localization of intracellular forms of human chorionic gonadotropin in first trimester placenta". Journal of Biochemistry. 102 (5): 993–1001. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122176. PMID   2449427.
• Matzuk MM, Keene JL, Boime I (Feb 1989). "Site specificity of the chorionic gonadotropin N-linked oligosaccharides in signal transduction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (5): 2409–14. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)81628-9 . PMID   2536708.
• Lustbader JW, Birken S, Pileggi NF, Kolks MA, Pollak S, Cuff ME, Yang W, Hendrickson WA, Canfield RE (Nov 1989). "Crystallization and characterization of human chorionic gonadotropin in chemically deglycosylated and enzymatically desialylated states". Biochemistry. 28 (24): 9239–43. doi:10.1021/bi00450a001. PMID   2611225.
• Harris DC, Machin KJ, Evin GM, Morgan FJ, Isaacs NW (Apr 1989). "Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (12): 6705–6. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83485-8 . PMID   2708337.
• Hayashizaki Y, Miyai K, Kato K, Matsubara K (Sep 1985). "Molecular cloning of the human thyrotropin-beta subunit gene". FEBS Letters. 188 (2): 394–400. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80409-9 . PMID   3839756. S2CID   85070974.
• Bellisario R, Carlsen RB, Bahl OP (Oct 1973). "Human chorionic gonadotropin. Linear amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 248 (19): 6796–809. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43424-8 . PMID   4745444.
• Shome B, Parlow AF (Jul 1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH): first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit (hFSHa) and first demonstration of its identity with the alpha-subunit of human luteinizing hormone (hLHa)". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 39 (1): 199–202. doi:10.1210/jcem-39-1-199. PMID   4835135.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.