Decay-accelerating factor

Last updated
CD55
Protein CD55 PDB 1h03.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases CD55 , CR, CROM, DAF, TC, CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group), CHAPLE
External IDs OMIM: 125240 MGI: 104849 HomoloGene: 479 GeneCards: CD55
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_007827
NM_001317361

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000565
NP_001108224
NP_001287831
NP_001287832
NP_001287833

NP_001304290
NP_031853
NP_001391877

Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 207.32 – 207.39 Mb Chr 1: 130.32 – 130.35 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Complement decay-accelerating factor, also known as CD55 or DAF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CD55 gene. [5]

DAF regulates the complement system on the cell surface. It recognizes C4b and C3b fragments that are created during activation of C4 (classical or lectin pathway) or C3 (alternative pathway). Interaction of DAF with cell-associated C4b of the classical and lectin pathways interferes with the conversion of C2 to C2b, thereby preventing formation of the C4b2a C3-convertase, and interaction of DAF with C3b of the alternative pathway interferes with the conversion of factor B to Bb by factor D, thereby preventing formation of the C3bBb C3 convertase of the alternative pathway. Thus, by limiting the amplification convertases of the complement cascade, DAF indirectly blocks the formation of the membrane attack complex. [6]

This glycoprotein is broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. It is a determinant for the Cromer blood group system.

Structure

DAF is a 70 kDa membrane protein that attaches to the cell membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor.

DAF contains four complement control protein (CCP) repeats with a single N-linked glycan positioned between CCP1 and CCP2. CCP2, CCP3, CCP4 and three consecutive lysine residues in a positively charged pocket between CCP2 and CCP3 are involved in its inhibition of the alternate complement pathway. CCP2 and CCP3 alone are involved in its inhibition of the classical pathway. [7]

Pathology

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Because DAF is a GPI-anchored protein, its expression is reduced in persons with mutations that reduce GPI levels such as those with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). In PNH disorder, red blood cells with very low levels of DAF and CD59 undergo complement-mediated hemolysis. Symptoms include low red blood cell count (anemia), fatigue, and episodes of dark colored urine and other complications. [8]

Infectious diseases

DAF is used as a receptor by some coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses. [9] Recombinant soluble DAF-Fc has been tested in mice as an anti-enterovirus therapy for heart damage; [10] however, the human enterovirus that was tested binds much more strongly to human DAF than to mouse or rat DAF. Echoviruses and coxsackie B viruses that use human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) as a receptor do not bind the rodent analogues of DAF. [11] and DAF-Fc has yet to be tested in humans.

Binding of DAF to human HIV-1 when the virons are budding from the surface of infected cells protects HIV-1 from complement mediated lysis. [12] [13]

See also

Related Research Articles

Coxsackie B4 virus are enteroviruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family. These viruses can be found worldwide. They are positive-sense, single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA viruses with icosahedral geometry. Coxsackieviruses have two groups, A and B, each associated with different diseases. Coxsackievirus group A is known for causing hand-foot-and-mouth diseases while Group B, which contains six serotypes, can cause a varying range of symptoms like gastrointestinal distress myocarditis. Coxsackievirus B4 has a cell tropism for natural killer cells and pancreatic islet cells. Infection can lead to beta cell apoptosis which increases the risk of insulitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poliovirus</span> Enterovirus

A poliovirus, the causative agent of polio, is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae. There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or glycophosphatidylinositol, or GPI in short, is a phosphoglyceride that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification. The resulting GPI-anchored proteins play key roles in a wide variety of biological processes. GPI is composed of a phosphatidylinositol group linked through a carbohydrate-containing linker and via an ethanolamine phosphate (EtNP) bridge to the C-terminal amino acid of a mature protein. The two fatty acids within the hydrophobic phosphatidyl-inositol group anchor the protein to the cell membrane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Complement system</span> Part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells

The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane. It is part of the innate immune system, which is not adaptable and does not change during an individual's lifetime. The complement system can, however, be recruited and brought into action by antibodies generated by the adaptive immune system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Classical complement pathway</span> Aspect of the immune system

The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune system. The classical complement pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes with the antibody isotypes IgG and IgM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alternative complement pathway</span> Type of cascade reaction of the complement system

The alternative pathway is a type of cascade reaction of the complement system and is a component of the innate immune system, a natural defense against infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C3-convertase</span>

C3 convertase belongs to family of serine proteases and is necessary in innate immunity as a part of the complement system which eventuate in opsonisation of particles, release of inflammatory peptides, C5 convertase formation and cell lysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Complement receptor 1</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Complement receptor type 1 (CR1) also known as C3b/C4b receptor or CD35 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Complement component 3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Complement component 3, often simply called C3, is a protein of the immune system. It plays a central role in the complement system and contributes to innate immunity. In humans it is encoded on chromosome 19 by a gene called C3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C5-convertase</span> Serine protease that plays key role in innate immunity.

C5 convertase is an enzyme belonging to a family of serine proteases that play key role in the innate immunity. It participates in the complement system ending with cell death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Properdin</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Properdin is protein that in humans is encoded by the CFP gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Complement component 2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Complement C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is part of the classical pathway of the complement system, acting as a multi-domain serine protease. Deficiency of C2 has been associated with certain autoimmune diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Complement factor B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Complement factor B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFB gene.

Complement control protein are proteins that interact with components of the complement system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Factor H</span>

Factor H is a member of the regulators of complement activation family and is a complement control protein. It is a large, soluble glycoprotein that circulates in human plasma. Its principal function is to regulate the alternative pathway of the complement system, ensuring that the complement system is directed towards pathogens or other dangerous material and does not damage host tissue. Factor H regulates complement activation on self cells and surfaces by possessing both cofactor activity for the Factor I mediated C3b cleavage, and decay accelerating activity against the alternative pathway C3-convertase, C3bBb. Factor H exerts its protective action on self cells and self surfaces but not on the surfaces of bacteria or viruses. This is thought to be the result of Factor H having the ability to adopt conformations with lower or higher activities as a cofactor for C3 cleavage or decay accelerating activity. The lower activity conformation is the predominant form in solution and is sufficient to control fluid phase amplification. The more active conformation is thought to be induced when Factor H binds to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and or sialic acids that are generally present on host cells but not, normally, on pathogen surfaces ensuring that self surfaces are protected whilst complement proceeds unabated on foreign surfaces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C3b</span>

C3b is the larger of two elements formed by the cleavage of complement component 3, and is considered an important part of the innate immune system. C3b is potent in opsonization: tagging pathogens, immune complexes (antigen-antibody), and apoptotic cells for phagocytosis. Additionally, C3b plays a role in forming a C3 convertase when bound to Factor B, or a C5 convertase when bound to C4b and C2b or when an additional C3b molecule binds to the C3bBb complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD59</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

CD59 glycoprotein, also known as MAC-inhibitory protein (MAC-IP), membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), or protectin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD59 gene. It is an LU domain and belongs to the LY6/uPAR/alpha-neurotoxin protein family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C3a (complement)</span>

C3a is one of the proteins formed by the cleavage of complement component 3; the other is C3b. C3a is a 77 residue anaphylatoxin that binds to the C3a receptor (C3aR), a class A G protein-coupled receptor. It plays a large role in the immune response.

Sushi domain is an evolutionarily conserved protein domain. It is also known as Complement control protein (CCP) modules or short consensus repeats (SCR). The name derives from the visual similarity of the domain to nigiri sushi when the primary structure is drawn showing the loops created by the disulfide bonds.

sCAR-Fc is an experimental prophylactic treatment against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB) infections. Coxsackievirus B3 can cause cardiac damage, eventually resulting in a weakened and enlarged heart that is termed dilated cardiomyopathy. While many other treatments inhibit viral proliferation in myocytes, sCAR-Fc prevents the virus entering the cell by competitively binding to coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptors (CAR) on the membrane of myocytes.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000196352 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026401 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Medof ME, Lublin DM, Holers VM, Ayers DJ, Getty RR, Leykam JF, Atkinson JP, Tykocinski ML (April 1987). "Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding the complete sequence of decay-accelerating factor of human complement". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (7): 2007–11. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.2007M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.7.2007 . PMC   304572 . PMID   2436222.
  6. "Molecular function for CD55 Gene".
  7. Brodbeck WG, Kuttner-Kondo L, Mold C, Medof ME (Sep 2000). "Structure/function studies of human decay-accelerating factor". Immunology. 101 (1): 104–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00086.x. PMC   2327052 . PMID   11012760.
  8. Parker C, Omine M, Richards S, et al. (2005). "Diagnosis and management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria". Blood. 106 (12): 3699–709. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-04-1717. PMC   1895106 . PMID   16051736.
  9. Karnauchow TM, Tolson DL, Harrison BA, Altman E, Lublin DM, Dimock K (August 1996). "The HeLa cell receptor for enterovirus 70 is decay-accelerating factor (CD55)". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5143–52. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5143-5152.1996. PMC   190469 . PMID   8764022.
  10. Yanagawa B, Spiller OB, Choy J, Luo H, Cheung P, Zhang HM, Goodfellow IG, Evans DJ, Suarez A, Yang D, McManus BM (January 2003). "Coxsackievirus B3-associated myocardial pathology and viral load reduced by recombinant soluble human decay-accelerating factor in mice". Lab. Invest. 83 (1): 75–85. doi: 10.1097/01.lab.0000049349.56211.09 . PMID   12533688.
  11. Spiller OB, Goodfellow IG, Evans DJ, Almond JW, Morgan BP (January 2000). "Echoviruses and coxsackie B viruses that use human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) as a receptor do not bind the rodent analogues of DAF". J. Infect. Dis. 181 (1): 340–3. doi: 10.1086/315210 . PMID   10608785. S2CID   31672193.
  12. Marschang P, Sodroski J, Würzner R, Dierich MP (January 1995). "Decay-accelerating factor (CD55) protects human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from inactivation by human complement". Eur J Immunol. 25 (1): 285–90. doi:10.1002/eji.1830250147. PMID   7531147. S2CID   31079892.
  13. Guibinga GH, Friedmann T (April 2005). "Baculovirus GP64-pseudotyped HIV-based lentivirus vectors are stabilized against complement inactivation by codisplay of decay accelerating factor (DAF) or of a GP64-DAF fusion protein". Mol Ther. 11 (4): 645–51. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.12.002 . PMID   15771967.

Further reading