C4A

C4A
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1HZF, 4FXG, 4FXK, 4XAM
Identifiers
Aliases	C4A , C4, C4A2, C4A3, C4A4, C4A6, C4AD, C4S, CO4, CPAMD2, RG, complement component 4A (Rodgers blood group), complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)
External IDs	OMIM: 120810; MGI: 88228; HomoloGene: 36030; GeneCards: C4A; OMA:C4A - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human) [1] Band 6p21.33 Start 31,982,052 bp [1] End 32,002,681 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 17 (mouse) [2] Band 17 B1|17 18.29 cM Start 34,947,354 bp [2] End 34,962,856 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right lobe of liver right adrenal cortex left adrenal cortex right lobe of thyroid gland left lobe of thyroid gland right ovary tibial nerve left ovary anterior pituitary spleen Top expressed in zone of skin adrenal gland white adipose tissue synovial joint ankle joint spleen liver uterus esophagus urinary bladder More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function endopeptidase inhibitor activity complement component C1q complex binding serine-type endopeptidase activity Cellular component extracellular region plasma membrane extracellular exosome blood microparticle cell projection dendrite cell junction synapse axon soma extracellular space endoplasmic reticulum lumen Biological process complement activation inflammatory response positive regulation of apoptotic cell clearance regulation of complement activation negative regulation of endopeptidase activity complement activation, classical pathway immune system process innate immune response proteolysis post-translational protein modification Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 720 12268 Ensembl ENSG00000244207 ENSG00000206340 ENSG00000244731 ENSG00000227746 ENSMUSG00000073418 UniProt P0C0L4 P01029 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001252204 NM_007293 NM_009780 RefSeq (protein) NP_001239133 NP_009224 NP_033910 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 31.98 – 32 Mb Chr 17: 34.95 – 34.96 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Complement C4-A is a kind of the Complement component 4 protein that in humans is encoded by the C4A gene. ^[5]

Function

This gene encodes the acidic form of complement factor 4, part of the classical activation pathway. The protein is expressed as a single chain precursor which is proteolytically cleaved into a trimer of alpha, beta, and gamma chains prior to secretion. The trimer provides a surface for interaction between the antigen-antibody complex and other complement components. The alpha chain may be cleaved to release C4 anaphylatoxin, a mediator of local inflammation. Deficiency of this protein is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and type I diabetes mellitus. ^{[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]} Excess production due to a copy number that is higher than normal has shown a high probability of a causal relationship with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis, which could explain the hereditary nature of these illnesses. ^[12] This gene localizes to the RCCX locus within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. ^{[13] [14]} Varying haplotypes of this gene cluster exist, such that individuals may have 1, 2, or 3 copies of this gene. ^[5] Each copy of the gene, due to five adjacent nucleotide substitutions cause four amino acid changes and immunological subfunctionalization, ^[15] can be of one of two types: C4A and C4B . ^[16] Each gene contains 41 exons and has a dichotomous size variation between approximately 22 kb and 16 kb, with the longer variant being the result of the integration of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(C4) into intron 9. ^[14]

See also

• Complement component 4
  • Complement component 4B
• HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 haplotype
• Complement system
• Complement deficiency

References

1. ENSG00000206340, ENSG00000244731, ENSG00000227746 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000244207, ENSG00000206340, ENSG00000244731, ENSG00000227746 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000073418 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Entrez Gene: C4A complement component 4A (Rodgers blood group)".
6. Dawkins RL, Uko G, Christiansen FT, Kay PH (Sep 1983). "Low C4 concentrations in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus". British Medical Journal. 287 (6395): 839. doi:10.1136/bmj.287.6395.839-b. PMC   1549128 . PMID   6412852.
7. Vergani D, Johnston C, B-Abdullah N, Barnett AH (Mar 1983). "Low serum C4 concentrations: an inherited predisposition to insulin dependent diabetes?". British Medical Journal. 286 (6369): 926–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6369.926. PMC   1547358 . PMID   6403137.
8. Mijovic CH, Fletcher JA, Bradwell AR, Barnett AH (Oct 1987). "Low C4 levels in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes". Diabetologia. 30 (10): 824. doi: 10.1007/bf00275752 . PMID   3428499.
9. Thomsen M, Mølvig J, Zerbib A, de Preval C, Abbal M, Dugoujon JM, Ohayon E, Svejgaard A, Cambon-Thomsen A, Nerup J (1988). "The susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with C4 allotypes independently of the association with HLA-DQ alleles in HLA-DR3,4 heterozygotes". Immunogenetics. 28 (5): 320–7. doi:10.1007/BF00364230. PMID   3139557. S2CID   6521141.
10. Jenhani F, Bardi R, Gorgi Y, Ayed K, Jeddi M (Apr 1992). "C4 polymorphism in multiplex families with insulin dependent diabetes in the Tunisian population: standard C4 typing methods and RFLP analysis". Journal of Autoimmunity. 5 (2): 149–60. doi:10.1016/0896-8411(92)90196-w. PMID   1352685.
11. Lhotta K, Auinger M, Kronenberg F, Irsigler K, König P (1996). "Polymorphism of complement C4 and susceptibility to IDDM and microvascular complications". Diabetes Care. 19 (1): 53–55. doi:10.2337/diacare.19.1.53. PMID   8720534. S2CID   8999525.
12. Melbourne JK, Rosen C, Feiner B, Sharma RP (July 2018). "C4A mRNA expression in PBMCs predicts the presence and severity of delusions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis". Schizophrenia Research. 197: 321–327. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.01.018. PMC   6087677 . PMID   29449061.
13. Zhou D, Rudnicki M, Chua GT, Lawrance SK, Zhou B, Drew JL, Barbar-Smiley F, Armstrong TK, Hilt ME, Birmingham DJ, Passler W, Auletta JJ, Bowden SA, Hoffman RP, Wu YL, Jarjour WN, Mok CC, Ardoin SP, Lau YL, Yu CY (2021). "Human Complement C4B Allotypes and Deficiencies in Selected Cases With Autoimmune Diseases". Front Immunol. 12: 739430. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739430 . PMC   8577214 . PMID   34764957.
14. Carrozza C, Foca L, De Paolis E, Concolino P (2021). "Genes and Pseudogenes: Complexity of the RCCX Locus and Disease". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 12: 709758. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.709758 . PMC   8362596 . PMID   34394006.
15. Bánlaki Z, Szabó JA, Szilágyi Á, Patócs A, Prohászka Z, Füst G, Doleschall M (2013). "Intraspecific evolution of human RCCX copy number variation traced by haplotypes of the CYP21A2 gene". Genome Biol Evol. 5 (1): 98–112. doi:10.1093/gbe/evs121. PMC   3595039 . PMID   23241443.
16. Doleschall M, Luczay A, Koncz K, Hadzsiev K, Erhardt É, Szilágyi Á, Doleschall Z, Németh K, Török D, Prohászka Z, Gereben B, Fekete G, Gláz E, Igaz P, Korbonits M, Tóth M, Rácz K, Patócs A (June 2017). "A unique haplotype of RCCX copy number variation: from the clinics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia to evolutionary genetics". Eur J Hum Genet. 25 (6): 702–710. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2017.38. PMC   5477366 . PMID   28401898.

Further reading

• Hugli TE (1987). "Biochemistry and biology of anaphylatoxins". Complement. 3 (3): 111–27. doi:10.1159/000467889. PMID   3542363.
• Yu CY (1999). "Molecular genetics of the human MHC complement gene cluster". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 15 (4): 213–30. doi:10.1159/000019075. PMID   10072631. S2CID   25061446.
• Anderson MJ, Milner CM, Cotton RG, Campbell RD (May 1992). "The coding sequence of the hemolytically inactive C4A6 allotype of human complement component C4 reveals that a single arginine to tryptophan substitution at beta-chain residue 458 is the likely cause of the defect". Journal of Immunology. 148 (9): 2795–802. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.148.9.2795 . PMID   1573268. S2CID   9549384.
• Hessing M, van 't Veer C, Hackeng TM, Bouma BN, Iwanaga S (Oct 1990). "Importance of the alpha 3-fragment of complement C4 for the binding with C4b-binding protein". FEBS Letters. 271 (1–2): 131–6. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80389-Z . PMID   1699796. S2CID   84173713.
• Yu CY (Feb 1991). "The complete exon-intron structure of a human complement component C4A gene. DNA sequences, polymorphism, and linkage to the 21-hydroxylase gene". Journal of Immunology. 146 (3): 1057–66. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.146.3.1057 . PMID   1988494. S2CID   10028332.
• Ghiso J, Saball E, Leoni J, Rostagno A, Frangione B (Feb 1990). "Binding of cystatin C to C4: the importance of sense-antisense peptides in their interaction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (4): 1288–91. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.1288G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.4.1288 . PMC   53459 . PMID   2304899.
• Yu CY, Belt KT, Giles CM, Campbell RD, Porter RR (Nov 1986). "Structural basis of the polymorphism of human complement components C4A and C4B: gene size, reactivity and antigenicity". The EMBO Journal. 5 (11): 2873–81. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04582.x. PMC   1167237 . PMID   2431902.
• Speiser PW, White PC (Dec 1989). "Structure of the human RD gene: a highly conserved gene in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex". DNA. 8 (10): 745–51. doi:10.1089/dna.1989.8.745. PMID   2612324.
• Palsdottir A, Fossdal R, Arnason A, Edwards JH, Jensson O (1987). "Heterogeneity of human C4 gene size. A large intron (6.5 kb) is present in all C4A genes and some C4B genes". Immunogenetics. 25 (5): 299–304. doi:10.1007/BF00404422. PMID   2883116. S2CID   38417056.
• Kishore N, Shah D, Skanes VM, Levine RP (Sep 1988). "The fluid-phase binding of human C4 and its genetic variants, C4A3 and C4B1, to immunoglobulins". Molecular Immunology. 25 (9): 811–9. doi:10.1016/0161-5890(88)90117-4. PMID   3264881.
• Chakravarti DN, Campbell RD, Porter RR (Nov 1987). "The chemical structure of the C4d fragment of the human complement component C4". Molecular Immunology. 24 (11): 1187–97. doi:10.1016/0161-5890(87)90165-9. PMID   3696167.
• Belt KT, Yu CY, Carroll MC, Porter RR (1985). "Polymorphism of human complement component C4". Immunogenetics. 21 (2): 173–80. doi:10.1007/BF00364869. PMID   3838531. S2CID   40614897.
• Hortin G, Sims H, Strauss AW (Feb 1986). "Identification of the site of sulfation of the fourth component of human complement". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 261 (4): 1786–93. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36009-X . PMID   3944109.
• Moon KE, Gorski JP, Hugli TE (Aug 1981). "Complete primary structure of human C4a anaphylatoxin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (16): 8685–92. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68898-8 . PMID   6167582.
• Palsdottir A, Cross SJ, Edwards JH, Carroll MC (1984). "Correlation between a DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and C4A6 protein". Nature. 306 (5943): 615–6. doi:10.1038/306615a0. PMID   6316164. S2CID   4347111.
• Belt KT, Carroll MC, Porter RR (Apr 1984). "The structural basis of the multiple forms of human complement component C4". Cell. 36 (4): 907–14. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90040-0. PMID   6546707. S2CID   38655580.
• Carroll MC, Campbell RD, Bentley DR, Porter RR (1984). "A molecular map of the human major histocompatibility complex class III region linking complement genes C4, C2 and factor B". Nature. 307 (5948): 237–41. Bibcode:1984Natur.307..237C. doi:10.1038/307237a0. PMID   6559257. S2CID   12016613.
• Carroll MC, Porter RR (Jan 1983). "Cloning of a human complement component C4 gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (1): 264–7. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80..264C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.1.264 . PMC   393353 . PMID   6572000.
• Whitehead AS, Goldberger G, Woods DE, Markham AF, Colten HR (Sep 1983). "Use of a cDNA clone for the fourth component of human complement (C4) for analysis of a genetic deficiency of C4 in guinea pig". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (17): 5387–91. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.5387W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.17.5387 . PMC   384261 . PMID   6577433.

External links

• Media related to C4A at Wikimedia Commons
• Human C4A genome location and C4A gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser .