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A centroblast generally refers to an activated B cell that is enlarged and is rapidly proliferating in the germinal center of a lymphoid follicle. They are specifically located in the dark zone of the germinal center. Centroblasts form from naive B cells being exposed to follicular dendritic cell cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-15, 8D6, and BAFF. Stimulation from helper T cells is also required for centroblast development. Interaction between CD40 ligand on an activated T helper cell and the B cell CD40 receptor induces centroblasts to express activation-induced cytidine deaminase, leading to somatic hypermutation, allowing the B cell receptor to potentially gain stronger affinity for an antigen. In the absence of FDC and helper T cell stimulation, centroblasts are unable to differentiate and will undergo CD95-mediated apoptosis.
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B10 cells are a sub-class of regulatory B-cells that are involved in inhibiting immune responses in both humans and mice. B10 cells are named for their ability to produce inhibitory interleukin: Interleukin-10 (IL-10). One of their unique abilities is that they suppress the innate and adaptive immune signals, making them important for regulating the inflammatory response. Like the B cell, the B10 cell requires antigen specific binding to the surface of CD5 receptor to illicit a response from the T-cell. Once an antigen binds to the CD19 receptor, immediate downregulation in B-cell receptor (BCR) signal expression occurs and mediates the release of IL-10 cytokines. In mice and humans, B10 cells are distinguishable in their expression of measurable IL-10 due to the lack of unique cell surface markers expressed by regulatory B cells. However, IL-10 competence is not limited to any one subset of B cells. B10 cells do not possess unique phenotypic markers or transcription factors for further identification. B10 cells predominantly localize in the spleen, though they are also found in the blood, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, intestinal tissues, central nervous system, and peritoneal cavity. B10 cells proliferate during inflammatory and disease responses.
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- ↑ Vossen MT, Matmati M, Hertoghs KM, Baars PA, Gent M, Leclercq G, Hamann J, Kuijpers TW, van Lier RA (15 March 2008). "CD27 Defines Phenotypically and Functionally Different Human NK Cell Subsets". The Journal of Immunology. 180 (6): 3739–3745. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3739 . ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 18322179. S2CID 26953338.
- ↑ Borst J, Hendriks J, Xiao Y (1 June 2005). "CD27 and CD70 in T cell and B cell activation". Current Opinion in Immunology. Lymphocyte activation / Lymphocyte effector functions. 17 (3): 275–281. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.04.004. ISSN 0952-7915. PMID 15886117.
- ↑ Boursalian TE, McEarchern JA, Law C, Grewal IS (2009), Grewal IS (ed.), "Targeting CD70 for Human Therapeutic Use", Therapeutic Targets of the TNF Superfamily, New York, NY: Springer New York, vol. 647, pp. 108–119, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_7, ISBN 978-0-387-89519-2, PMID 19760069 , retrieved 8 February 2023
- 1 2 Han BK, Olsen NJ, Bottaro A (1 February 2016). "The CD27–CD70 pathway and pathogenesis of autoimmune disease". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 45 (4): 496–501. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.08.001. ISSN 0049-0172. PMID 26359318.
- ↑ Arens R, Nolte MA, Tesselaar K, Heemskerk B, Reedquist KA, van Lier RA, van Oers MH (15 September 2004). "Signaling through CD70 Regulates B Cell Activation and IgG Production". The Journal of Immunology. 173 (6): 3901–3908. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3901 . ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 15356138. S2CID 31566653.
- ↑ Junker K, Hindermann W, von EF, Diegmann J, Haessler K, Schubert J (1 June 2005). "Cd70: a new tumor specific biomarker for renal cell carcinoma". Journal of Urology. 173 (6): 2150–2153. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000158121.49085.ba. PMID 15879877.
- ↑ Held-Feindt J, Mentlein R (7 March 2002). "CD70/CD27 ligand, a member of the TNF family, is expressed in human brain tumors". International Journal of Cancer. 98 (3): 352–356. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10207 . ISSN 0020-7136. PMID 11920585. S2CID 12298972.
- ↑ Hishima T, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Fujii T, Ooba T, Funata N, Koike M (May 2000). "CD70 Expression in Thymic Carcinoma". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 24 (5): 742–746. doi:10.1097/00000478-200005000-00014. ISSN 0147-5185. PMID 10800994.
- ↑ Israel BF, Gulley M, Elmore S, Ferrini S, Feng WH, Kenney SC (2005). "Anti-CD70 antibodies: a potential treatment for EBV+ CD70-expressing lymphomas". Mol. Cancer Ther. 4 (12): 2037–44. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0253. PMID 16373719. S2CID 1821535.
- ↑ "ARGX-110: first-in-class CD70-targeting antibody with unique mode of therapeutic action". arGEN-X. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ↑ Seattle Genetics Third Quarter 2013 Financial Report [ permanent dead link ]