Interleukin 7

IL7
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3DI2, 3DI3
Identifiers
Aliases	IL7 , IL-7, interleukin 7
External IDs	OMIM: 146660; MGI: 96561; HomoloGene: 680; GeneCards: IL7; OMA:IL7 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 8 (human) [1] Band 8q21.13 Start 78,675,743 bp [1] End 78,805,523 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 3 (mouse) [2] Band 3 A1|3 2.02 cM Start 7,635,054 bp [2] End 7,678,820 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in sperm bronchial epithelial cell testicle Achilles tendon jejunal mucosa lower lobe of lung caput epididymis lymph node right uterine tube rectum Top expressed in secondary oocyte lumbar spinal ganglion zygote primary oocyte endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel thymus mesenteric lymph nodes left colon Paneth cell stroma of bone marrow More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein binding interleukin-7 receptor binding growth factor activity cytokine receptor binding cytokine activity Cellular component extracellular space extracellular region collagen-containing extracellular matrix Biological process negative regulation of catalytic activity cell-cell signaling negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of organ growth negative regulation of apoptotic process bone resorption humoral immune response immune response positive regulation of cell population proliferation animal organ morphogenesis regulation of gene expression homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand T cell lineage commitment positive regulation of B cell proliferation positive regulation of T cell differentiation interleukin-7-mediated signaling pathway regulation of signaling receptor activity positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cytokine-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of chemokine production regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of B cell differentiation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3574 16196 Ensembl ENSG00000104432 ENSMUSG00000040329 UniProt P13232 P10168 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000880 NM_001199886 NM_001199887 NM_001199888 NM_008371 NM_001313888 NM_001313889 NM_001313890 RefSeq (protein) NP_000871 NP_001186815 NP_001186816 NP_001186817 NP_001300817 NP_001300818 NP_001300819 NP_032397 Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 78.68 – 78.81 Mb Chr 3: 7.64 – 7.68 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a protein ^[5] that in humans is encoded by the IL7 gene. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

IL-7 is a hematopoietic growth factor secreted by stromal cells in the bone marrow and thymus. It is also produced by keratinocytes, ^[9] follicular dendritic cells, ^[10] hepatocytes, ^[11] neurons, and epithelial cells, ^[12] but is not produced by normal lymphocytes. ^[13] A study also demonstrated how the autocrine production of the IL-7 cytokine mediated by T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) can be involved in the oncogenic development of T-ALL and offer novel insights into T-ALL spreading. ^[14]

Structure

The three-dimensional structure of IL-7 in complex with the ectodomain of IL-7 receptor has been determined using X-ray diffraction. ^[15]

Function

Lymphocyte maturation

IL-7 stimulates the differentiation of multipotent (pluripotent) hematopoietic stem cells into lymphoid progenitor cells (as opposed to myeloid progenitor cells where differentiation is stimulated by IL-3).^{[ citation needed ]} It also stimulates proliferation of all cells in the lymphoid lineage (B cells, T cells and NK cells).^{[ citation needed ]} It is important for proliferation during certain stages of B-cell maturation, T and NK cell survival, development and homeostasis.^{[ citation needed ]}

IL-7 is a cytokine important for B and T cell development. This cytokine and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) form a heterodimer that functions as a pre-pro-B cell growth-stimulating factor. This cytokine is found to be a cofactor for V(D)J rearrangement of the T cell receptor beta (TCRß) during early T cell development. ^[16] This cytokine can be produced locally by intestinal epithelial and epithelial goblet cells, and may serve as a regulatory factor for intestinal mucosal lymphocytes.^{[ citation needed ]} Knockout studies in mice suggested that this cytokine plays an essential role in lymphoid cell survival. ^[17]

IL-7 signaling

IL-7 receptor and signaling, common γ chain (blue) and IL-7 receptor-α (green)

IL-7 binds to the IL-7 receptor, a heterodimer consisting of Interleukin-7 receptor alpha and common gamma chain receptor. ^[18] Binding results in a cascade of signals important for T-cell development within the thymus and survival within the periphery. Knockout mice which genetically lack IL-7 receptor exhibit thymic atrophy, arrest of T-cell development at the double positive stage, and severe lymphopenia. Administration of IL-7 to mice results in an increase in recent thymic emigrants, increases in B and T cells, and increased recovery of T cells after cyclophosphamide administration or after bone marrow transplantation.

Disease

Cancer

IL-7 promotes hematological malignancies (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T cell lymphoma). ^[19]

Viral Infections

Elevated levels of IL-7 have also been detected in the plasma of HIV-infected patients. ^[20]

Clinical application

IL-7 as an immunotherapy agent has been examined in many pre-clinical animal studies and more recently in human clinical trials for various malignancies and during HIV infection. ^{[13] [21]}

Cancer

Recombinant IL-7 has been safely administered to patients in several phase I and II clinical trials. A human study of IL-7 in patients with cancer demonstrated that administration of this cytokine can transiently disrupt the homeostasis of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with a commensurate decrease in the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. ^[22] No objective cancer regression was observed, however a dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was not reached in this study due to the development of neutralizing antibodies against the recombinant cytokine.

HIV infection

Associated with antiretroviral therapy, IL-7 administration decreased local and systemic inflammations in patients that had incomplete T-cell reconstitution. These results suggest that IL-7 therapy can possibly improve the quality of life of those patients. ^[23]

Transplantation

IL-7 could also be beneficial in improving immune recovery after allogenic stem cell transplant. ^[24]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000104432 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000040329 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Namen AE, Lupton S, Hjerrild K, Wignall J, Mochizuki DY, Schmierer A, Mosley B, March CJ, Urdal D, Gillis S (June 1988). "Stimulation of B-cell progenitors by cloned murine interleukin-7". Nature. 333 (6173): 571–3. Bibcode:1988Natur.333..571N. doi:10.1038/333571a0. PMID   3259677. S2CID   4315541.
6. Goodwin RG, Lupton S, Schmierer A, Hjerrild KJ, Jerzy R, Clevenger W, Gillis S, Cosman D, Namen AE (January 1989). "Human interleukin 7: molecular cloning and growth factor activity on human and murine B-lineage cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (1): 302–6. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86..302G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.1.302 . PMC   286452 . PMID   2643102.
7. Sutherland GR, Baker E, Fernandez KE, Callen DF, Goodwin RG, Lupton S, Namen AE, Shannon MF, Vadas MA (July 1989). "The gene for human interleukin 7 (IL7) is at 8q12-13". Hum. Genet. 82 (4): 371–2. doi:10.1007/BF00274000. PMID   2786840. S2CID   30870920.
8. Lupton SD, Gimpel S, Jerzy R, et al. (1990). "Characterization of the human and murine IL-7 genes". J. Immunol. 144 (9): 3592–601. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.144.9.3592 . PMID   2329282. S2CID   36007598.
9. Heufler C, Topar G, Grasseger A, et al. (September 1993). "Interleukin 7 is produced by murine and human keratinocytes". J. Exp. Med. 178 (3): 1109–14. doi:10.1084/jem.178.3.1109. PMC   2191157 . PMID   8350050.
10. Kröncke R, Loppnow H, Flad HD, Gerdes J (October 1996). "Human follicular dendritic cells and vascular cells produce interleukin-7: a potential role for interleukin-7 in the germinal center reaction". Eur. J. Immunol. 26 (10): 2541–4. doi:10.1002/eji.1830261040. PMID   8898972. S2CID   20992591.
11. Sawa Y, Arima Y, Ogura H, et al. (March 2009). "Hepatic interleukin-7 expression regulates T cell responses". Immunity. 30 (3): 447–57. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.01.007 . PMID   19285437.
12. Watanabe M, Ueno Y, Yajima T, et al. (1995). "Interleukin 7 is produced by human intestinal epithelial cells and regulates the proliferation of intestinal mucosal lymphocytes". J. Clin. Invest. 95 (6): 2945–53. doi:10.1172/JCI118002. PMC   295983 . PMID   7769137.
13. Fry TJ, Mackall CL (June 2002). "Interleukin-7: from bench to clinic". Blood. 99 (11): 3892–904. doi: 10.1182/blood.V99.11.3892 . PMID   12010786.
14. Buffière A, Uzan B, Aucagne R, Hermetet F, Mas M, Nassurdine S, Aznague A, Carmignac V, Tournier B, Bouchot O, Ballerini P, Barata JT, Bastie JN, Delva L, Pflumio F, Quéré R (November 2019). "T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia displays autocrine production of Interleukin-7". Oncogene. 38 (1): 7357–7365. doi:10.1038/s41388-019-0921-4. PMID   31417180. S2CID   199668368.
15. McElroy CA, Dohm JA, Walsh ST (January 2009). "Structural and biophysical studies of the human IL-7/IL-7Ralpha complex". Structure. 17 (1): 54–65. doi:10.1016/j.str.2008.10.019. PMC   2654238 . PMID   19141282.
16. Muegge K, Vila MP, Durum SK (July 1993). "Interleukin-7: a cofactor for V(D)J rearrangement of the T cell receptor beta gene". Science. 261 (5117): 93–5. Bibcode:1993Sci...261...93M. doi:10.1126/science.7686307. PMID   7686307.
17. "Entrez Gene: IL7 interleukin 7".
18. Noguchi M, Nakamura Y, Russell SM, et al. (1994). "Interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain: a functional component of the interleukin-7 receptor". Science. 262 (5141): 1877–80. Bibcode:1993Sci...262.1877N. doi:10.1126/science.8266077. PMID   8266077.
19. Or R, Abdul-Hai A, Ben-Yehuda A (December 1998). "Reviewing the potential utility of interleukin-7 as a promoter of thymopoiesis and immune recovery". Cytokines Cell. Mol. Ther. 4 (4): 287–94. PMID   10068062.
20. Napolitano LA, Grant RM, Deeks SG, et al. (January 2001). "Increased production of IL-7 accompanies HIV-1-mediated T-cell depletion: implications for T-cell homeostasis". Nat. Med. 7 (1): 73–9. doi:10.1038/83381. PMID   11135619. S2CID   22536639.
21. Fry TJ, Mackall CL (2003). "Interleukin-7 and immunorestoration in HIV: beyond the thymus". J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 11 (5): 803–7. doi:10.1089/152581602760404603. PMID   12427286.
22. Rosenberg SA, Sportès C, Ahmadzadeh M, Fry TJ, Ngo LT, Schwarz SL, Stetler-Stevenson M, Morton KE, Mavroukakis SA, Morre M, Buffet R, Mackall CL, Gress RE (2006). "IL-7 administration to humans leads to expansion of CD8+ and CD4+ cells but a relative decrease of CD4+ T-regulatory cells". J. Immunother. 29 (3): 313–9. doi:10.1097/01.cji.0000210386.55951.c2. PMC   1473976 . PMID   16699374.
23. Sereti I, Estes JD, Thompson WL, Morcock DR, Fischl MA, et al. (2014). "Decreases in Colonic and Systemic Inflammation in Chronic HIV Infection after IL-7 Administration". PLOS Pathogens. 10 (1): e1003890. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003890 . PMC   3907377 . PMID   24497828.
24. Snyder KM, Mackall CL, Fry TJ (July 2006). "IL-7 in allogeneic transplant: clinical promise and potential pitfalls". Leuk. Lymphoma. 47 (7): 1222–8. doi:10.1080/10428190600555876. PMID   16923550. S2CID   20531769.

Further reading

• Möller P, Böhm M, Czarnetszki BM, Schadendorf D (1997). "Interleukin-7. Biology and implications for dermatology". Exp. Dermatol. 5 (3): 129–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1996.tb00107.x . PMID   8840152. S2CID   20874926.
• Appasamy PM (1999). "Biological and clinical implications of interleukin-7 and lymphopoiesis". Cytokines Cell. Mol. Ther. 5 (1): 25–39. PMID   10390077.
• Al-Rawi MA, Mansel RE, Jiang WG (2004). "Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) signalling complex in human solid tumours". Histol. Histopathol. 18 (3): 911–23. PMID   12792903.
• Aspinall R, Henson S, Pido-Lopez J, Ngom PT (2004). "Interleukin-7: an interleukin for rejuvenating the immune system". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1019 (1): 116–22. Bibcode:2004NYASA1019..116A. doi:10.1196/annals.1297.021. PMID   15247003. S2CID   8931092.
• Sica D, Rayman P, Stanley J, et al. (1993). "Interleukin 7 enhances the proliferation and effector function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from renal-cell carcinoma". Int. J. Cancer. 53 (6): 941–7. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910530613. PMID   8473051. S2CID   41223517.
• Kim JH, Loveland JE, Sitz KV, et al. (1997). "Expansion of restricted cellular immune responses to HIV-1 envelope by vaccination: IL-7 and IL-12 differentially augment cellular proliferative responses to HIV-1". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 108 (2): 243–50. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-1006.x. PMC   1904649 . PMID   9158092.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.