Dupilumab

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Dupilumab
Dupilumab fab binding to IL-4.png
Dupilumab antigen binding fragment (orange and green) bound to a human IL-4 receptor alpha (purple)
Monoclonal antibody
Type Whole antibody
Source Human
Target Interleukin 4 (IL4) receptor alpha
Clinical data
Pronunciation /duˈpɪljumæb/ doo-PIL-yoo-mab
Trade names Dupixent
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a617021
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration 		Subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none
UNII
KEGG
Chemical and physical data
Formula C6512H10066N1730O2052S46
Molar mass 146898.98 g·mol−1

Dupilumab, sold under the brand name Dupixent, is a monoclonal antibody blocking interleukin 4 and interleukin 13, used for allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (eczema), asthma and nasal polyps which result in chronic sinusitis. [6] [7] [8] [4] It is also used for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis [9] and prurigo nodularis. [10]

Contents

The most common side effects reported by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) include injection site reactions, upper respiratory tract infections, joint pain, and herpes viral infections. [9] The most common side effects reported by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) include injection-site reactions (such as redness, swelling including due to fluid build-up, itching and pain), conjunctivitis (redness and discomfort in the eye) including conjunctivitis due to allergy, joint pain, cold sores, and increased blood levels of a type of white blood cell called eosinophils. [5] It was developed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi Genzyme. [11] [12] It received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in 2017, [7] and for asthma in 2018. [4] The FDA considers it to be a first-in-class medication. [13]

Dupilumab is the first treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [9] Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder in which eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, are found in the tissue of the esophagus. [9] In adults and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis, common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, difficulty eating, and food getting stuck in the esophagus. [9] Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that acts to inhibit part of the inflammatory pathway. [9] Dupilumab is the first treatment for prurigo nodularis approved by the FDA. [10] Prurigo nodularis is a rare skin disease that causes hard, itchy lumps (nodules) to form on the skin. [10]

Medical uses

A Dupixent auto-injector pen Dupixent Pen and Packaging.jpg
A Dupixent auto-injector pen

Dupilumab is indicated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, moderate-to-severe asthma, and for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). [4] [5] [14] [15] [9] It has been shown to be effective at treating aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), a typically difficult to treat condition where aspirin intolerant patients have both CRSwNP and asthma. [16] [17]

In May 2022, the indication for dupilumab was updated to include the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in people aged twelve years of age and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb). [9]

In September 2022, the indication for dupilumab was updated to include the treatment of adults with prurigo nodularis (PN). [10]

In March 2023, the EMA approved dupilumab for the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in children aged six months to five years who are candidates for systemic therapy. [18] [19]

Investigational uses

In March of 2023, Sanofi announced the results of a Phase 3 trial examining the efficacy of dupilumab in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, [20] dupilumab demonstrated a 30% reduction in moderate or severe acute exacerbations of COPD, as well as significant improvements in lung function and quality of life in people with COPD. [21]

Side effects

Injection site reactions such as redness and pain are common, occurring in approximately 11.4% of cases. [22] Dupilumab can cause allergic reactions, conjunctivitis, and keratitis and, due to its immunosuppressive effects, reactivation of cold sores. [7] In clinical trials, people receiving dupilumab had decreased levels of T helper cells. [23]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Dupilumab binds to the alpha subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4Rα), making it a receptor antagonist. [24] Through blockade of IL-4Rα, dupilumab modulates signaling of both the interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 pathways. [23]

Pharmacokinetics

Dupilumab shows a non-linear rate in regard to the target. [23] Dupilumab is also reported to have a bioavailability of 64%, with the average concentration occurring one week after injection. [23]

History

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi Genzyme jointly developed dupilumab, [25] the latter of which provided 130 million dollars to Regeneron for research and development towards monoclonal antibodies. [26] Phase II trials for asthma treatment showed increased lung function with increased forced expiratory volume for patients. [23]

In October 2016, Regeneron completed a phase III trial comparing dupilumab with topical corticosteroids, in which subjects had a larger decrease in symptoms with both dupilumab and topical steroids than with steroids alone. [27] In these trials 38% and 36% of patients respectively, met the primary efficacy goal of the trial, compared to 8% and 10% under placebo. [23]

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for dupilumab priority review designation [28] [29] and in March 2017, the FDA approved dupilumab injection to treat adults with moderate-to-severe eczema. [7]

The efficacy and safety of dupilumab in eosinophilic esophagitis was studied in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial, that included two 24-week treatment periods (Part A and Part B) that were conducted independently in separate groups of participants. [9] In Part A and Part B, participants received either placebo or 300 milligrams of dupilumab every week. [9] The two primary measurements of efficacy were the proportion of participants who achieved a certain level of reduced eosinophils in the esophagus at week 24, as determined by assessing participants' esophageal tissue under a microscope, and the change in the participant-reported Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) score from baseline to week 24. [9] The DSQ is a questionnaire designed to measure difficulty swallowing associated with eosinophilic esophagitis, with total scores ranging from 0 to 84; higher DSQ scores indicate worse symptoms. [9]

The efficacy and safety of dupilumab to treat prurigo nodularis among adults were evaluated in two clinical trials, EFC16459 (PRIME) and EFC16460 (PRIME2). [10] Each trial evaluated 300 mg of dupilumab administered every 2 weeks following an initial dose of 600 mg. [10] The treatment lasted for 24 weeks. [10] Effectiveness was mainly assessed by the proportion of subjects whose itchy skin (pruritus) improved by more than four points on the Worst Itch Numeric Rating Scale, the proportion of subjects who achieved score of 0 or 1 on Investigator's Global Assessment PN-stage scale (the equivalent of 0-5 nodules), and the proportion of subjects who achieved a response on both scales at week 24. [10]

Related Research Articles

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Dermatitis is inflammation of the skin, typically characterized by itchiness, redness and a rash. In cases of short duration, there may be small blisters, while in long-term cases the skin may become thickened. The area of skin involved can vary from small to covering the entire body. Dermatitis is often called eczema, and the difference between those terms is not standardized.

Sanofi S.A. is a French multinational pharmaceutical and healthcare company headquartered in Paris, France. The corporation was established in 1973 and merged with Synthélabo in 1999 to form Sanofi-Synthélabo. In 2004, Sanofi-Synthélabo merged with Aventis and renamed to Sanofi-Aventis, which were each the product of several previous mergers. It changed its name back to Sanofi in May 2011. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. In 2023, the company’s seat in Forbes Global 2000 was 89.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atopic dermatitis</span> Long-term form of skin inflammation

Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a long-term type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). It results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. Clear fluid may come from the affected areas, which can thicken over time. AD may also simply be called eczema, a term that generally refers to a larger group of skin conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eosinophilic esophagitis</span> Allergic inflammatory condition of the esophagus

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory condition of the esophagus that involves eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. In healthy individuals, the esophagus is typically devoid of eosinophils. In EoE, eosinophils migrate to the esophagus in large numbers. When a trigger food is eaten, the eosinophils contribute to tissue damage and inflammation. Symptoms include swallowing difficulty, food impaction, vomiting, and heartburn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prurigo nodularis</span> Medical condition

Prurigo nodularis (PN), also known as nodular prurigo, is a skin disorder characterized by pruritic (itchy), nodular lesions, which commonly appear on the trunk, arms and legs. Patients often present with multiple excoriated nodules caused by chronic scratching. Although the exact cause of PN is unknown, PN is associated with other dermatologic conditions such as untreated or severe atopic dermatitis and systemic causes of pruritus including liver disease and end stage kidney disease. The goal of treatment in PN is to decrease the itch sensation. PN is also known as Hyde prurigo nodularis, or Picker's nodules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regeneron Pharmaceuticals</span> American biotechnology company

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American biotechnology company headquartered in Westchester County, New York. The company was founded in 1988. Originally focused on neurotrophic factors and their regenerative capabilities, giving rise to its name, the company then branched out into the study of both cytokine and tyrosine kinase receptors, which gave rise to their first product, which is a VEGF-trap.

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Tralokinumab sold under the brand names Adtralza (EU/UK) and Adbry (US) among others, is a human monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Tralokinumab targets the cytokine interleukin 13.

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References

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  20. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT03930732 for "Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, 52-week Pivotal Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Dupilumab in Patients with Moderate-to-severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) with Type 2 Inflammation" at ClinicalTrials.gov
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  24. ↑ Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, Spector S, Sher L, Skobieranda F, et al. (June 2013). "Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels". The New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (26): 2455–66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1304048 . PMID   23688323.
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  27. ↑ Hamilton JD, Ungar B, Guttman-Yassky E (2015). "Drug evaluation review: dupilumab in atopic dermatitis". Immunotherapy. 7 (10): 1043–58. doi:10.2217/imt.15.69. PMID   26598956.
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