CD155 (cluster of differentiation 155), also known as the poliovirus receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PVR gene. [3] [4] It is a transmembrane protein that is involved in forming junctions between neighboring cells. It is also the molecule that poliovirus uses to enter cells. The gene is specific to the primates.
CD155 is a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily. [5] Its normal cellular function is in the establishment of intercellular adherens junctions between epithelial cells. [6]
The external domain mediates cell attachment to the extracellular matrix molecule vitronectin, while its intracellular domain interacts with the dynein light chain Tctex-1/DYNLT1.
The role of CD155 in the immune system is unclear, though it may be involved in intestinal humoral immune responses. [6] Subsequent data has also suggested that CD155 may also be used to positively select MHC-independent T cells in the thymus.[ citation needed ]
Commonly known as Poliovirus Receptor (PVR), the protein serves as a cellular receptor for poliovirus in the first step of poliovirus replication. Transgenic mice that express the PVR gene have been constructed in order to study polio experimentally. [7]
CD155 is a transmembrane protein with 3 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, D1-D3, where D1 is recognized by the virus. [8]
Low resolution structures of CD155 complexed with poliovirus have been obtained using electron microscopy [9] while a high resolution structures of the ectodomain D1 and D2 of CD155 were solved by x-ray crystallography. [8]
Poliovirus, the causative agent of polio, is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae. There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3.
Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 3 (TNFRSF3), is a cell surface receptor for lymphotoxin involved in apoptosis and cytokine release. It is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
CBL-B is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that in humans is encoded by the CBLB gene. CBLB is a member of the CBL gene family.
Poliovirus receptor-related 2 (PVRL2), also known as nectin-2 and CD112, is a human plasma membrane glycoprotein.
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR3DL1 gene.
Poliovirus receptor-related 1 (PVRL1), also known as nectin-1 and CD111 (formerly herpesvirus entry mediator C, HVEC) is a human protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), also considered a member of the nectins. It is a membrane protein with three extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a single transmembrane helix and a cytoplasmic tail. The protein can mediate Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion further characterizing it as IgSF cell adhesion molecule (IgSF CAM).
Decoy receptor 3 (Dcr3), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6B (TNFRSF6B), TR6 and M68, is a soluble protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which inhibits Fas ligand-induced apoptosis.
Decoy receptor 2 (DCR2), also known as TRAIL receptor 4 (TRAILR4) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10D (TNFRSF10D), is a human cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily.
Interleukin 9 receptor (IL9R) also known as CD129 is a type I cytokine receptor. IL9R also denotes its human gene.
Apoptosis regulatory protein Siva is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIVA1 gene. This gene encodes a protein with an important role in the apoptotic pathway induced by the CD27 antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TFNR) superfamily. The CD27 antigen cytoplasmic tail binds to the N-terminus of this protein. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct proteins have been described.
CD226, PTA1 or DNAM-1 is a ~65 kDa immunoglobulin-like transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of natural killer cells, NK T cell, B cells, dendritic cells, hematopoietic precursor cells, platelets, monocytes and T cells.
SLAM family member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLAMF6 gene.
Dynein light chain Tctex-type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYNLT1 gene.
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN9 gene.
C-type lectin domain family 1 member B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC1B gene.
Dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 3, also known as DYNLT3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DYNLT3 gene.
C-type lectin domain family 2 member D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC2D gene.
Nectins and Nectin-like molecules (Necl) are families of cellular adhesion molecules involved in Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion.
CD96 or Tactile is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD96 gene. CD96 is a receptor protein which is expressed on T cells and NK cells and shares sequence similarity with CD226. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is a type I membrane protein. The protein may play a role in the adhesion of activated T and NK cells to their target cells during the late phase of the immune response. It may also function in antigen presentation. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. CD96 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that has three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and is expressed by all resting human and mouse NK cells. CD96 main ligand is CD155. CD 96 has approximately 20% homology with CD226 and competed for binding to CD155 with CD226.
Eckard Wimmer is a German American virologist, organic chemist and distinguished professor of molecular genetics and microbiology at Stony Brook University. He is best known for his seminal work on the molecular biology of poliovirus and the first chemical synthesis of a viral genome capable of infection and subsequent production of live viruses.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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