Homeobox protein Hox-A5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA5 gene. [5] [6] [7]
Homeobox protein Hox-A5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA5 gene. [5] [6] [7]
In vertebrates, the genes encoding the class of transcription factors called homeobox genes are found in clusters named A, B, C, and D on four separate chromosomes. Expression of these proteins is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. This gene is part of the A cluster on chromosome 7 and encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor which may regulate gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. Methylation of this gene may result in the loss of its expression and, since the encoded protein upregulates the tumor suppressor p53, this protein may play an important role in tumorigenesis. [7]
HoxA5 is controlled, at least in part, by DNA methylation. [8] HoxA5 has been shown to upregulate the tumor suppressor p53 and AKT1 by downregulation of PTEN. [9] Suppression of HoxA5 has been shown to attenuate hemangioma growth. [10] HoxA5 has far-reaching effects on gene expression, causing ~300 genes to become upregulated upon its induction in breast cancer cell lines. [11] HoxA5 protein transduction domain overexpression prevents inflammation shown by inhibition of TNFα-inducible monocyte binding to HUVECs. [12] [13]
Comparison of the HoxA5 promoter methylation profile across cell types from the least differentiated (human embryonic stem cells) to the most endothelial-like (human umbilical vein endothelial cells, or HUVECs) shows that the HoxA5 promoter is normally heavily methylated in non-differentiated cells and becomes demethylated as cells differentiate down the endothelial lineage. [14] HoxA5 contains a C-Amp Response Elements (CRE) in its promoter. [8] POL2 and CTCF binding are enriched at the CpG-dense HoxA5 promoter in HUVECs, demonstrating transcriptional activity. [14]
HoxA5 is suppressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and the DNMT inhibitor decitabine (5Aza) is used to treat this disease. While HoxA5 is known to be hypermethylated in AML, it has not yet been shown whether decitabine directly targets these genes for demethylation. [15] [16] HOXA5 has also been nominated as an oncogene in glioblastoma. [17]
A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. Mutations in a homeobox may change large-scale anatomical features of the full-grown organism.
Homeobox protein CDX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDX2 gene. The CDX2 protein is a homeobox transcription factor expressed in the nuclei of intestinal epithelial cells, playing an essential role in the development and function of the digestive system. CDX2 part of the ParaHox gene cluster, a group of three highly conserved developmental genes present in most vertebrate species. Together with CDX1 and CDX4, CDX2 is one of three caudal-related genes in the human genome.
Homeobox protein Hox-A9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA9 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA10 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-B6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB6 gene.
Homeobox D10, also known as HOXD10, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HOXD10 gene.
Hematopoietically-expressed homeobox protein HHEX is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HHEX gene and also known as Proline Rich Homeodomain protein PRH.
Homeobox protein Hox-B5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB5 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-B4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB4 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA7 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA13 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-B2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB2 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-B9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB9 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-B3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB3 gene.
Homeobox A4, also known as HOXA4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HOXA4 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA3 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-B8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB8 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD1 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-C11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC11 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA6 gene.
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