Chromosome 7

Chromosome 7
Human chromosome 7 pair after G-banding. One is from mother, one is from father.
Chromosome 7 pair in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)	160,567,428 bp (CHM13)
No. of genes	862 (CCDS) [1]
Type	Autosome
Centromere position	Submetacentric [2] (60.1 Mbp [3] )
Complete gene lists
CCDS	Gene list
HGNC	Gene list
UniProt	Gene list
NCBI	Gene list
External map viewers
Ensembl	Chromosome 7
Entrez	Chromosome 7
NCBI	Chromosome 7
UCSC	Chromosome 7
Full DNA sequences
RefSeq	NC_000007 (FASTA)
GenBank	CM000669 (FASTA)

Chromosome 7 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, who normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 7 spans about 160 million ^[4] base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 5 and 5.5 percent of the total DNA in cells.

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 7. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. ^[5]

Estimated by	Protein-coding genes	Non-coding RNA genes	Pseudogenes	Source	Release date
CCDS	862	—	—	[1]	2016-09-08
HGNC	870	245	703	[6]	2017-05-12
Ensembl	984	973	889	[7]	2017-03-29
UniProt	944	—	—	[8]	2018-02-28
NCBI	948	905	933	[9] [10] [11]	2017-05-19

Gene list

See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 7

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 7. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

• AASS: encoding enzyme Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial
• ACTR3B: actin-related protein 3B
• AEBP1: AE binding protein 1
• AGK: encoding enzyme mitochondrial acylglycerol kinase
• ARHGEF35: encoding protein Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 35
• AVL9: encoding protein Avl9 cell migration associated
• BCAP29: B-cell receptor-associated protein 29
• BCC6: encoding protein basal cell carcinoma, susceptibility to, 6
• BRAT1: BRCA1-associated ATM activator 1
• C7orf25: protein UPF0415
• C7orf31: chromosome 7 open reading frame 31
• CALU: Calumenin
• CCL24: encoding protein C-C motif chemokine ligand 24
• CDCA7L: Cell division cycle-associated 7-like protein
• CFTR: anion channel membrane protein
• CNOT4: CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 4
• CPED1: cadherin like and PC-esterase domain containing 1
• CPVL: carboxypeptidase, vitellogenic like
• CROT: Peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
• DDX56: DEAD-box helicase 56
• DMTF1: Cyclin D binding myb like transcription factor 1
• ECOP: EGFR-coamplified and overexpressed protein
• EEPD1: encoding protein Endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase family domain containing 1
• EGFR-AS1: encoding protein EGFR antisense RNA 1
• EZH2: encoding enzyme histone-lysine N-methyltransferase for histone h3 lysine 27
• FAM71F2: family with sequence similarity 71 member F2
• FAM185A: family with sequence similarity 185 member A
• FAM200A: family with sequence similarity 200 member A
• FBXO24: F-box only protein 24
• GBAS: Glioblastoma amplified sequence; Protein NipSnap homolog 2
• GET4: encoding protein GET4
• GLCCI1: Glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 protein
• HOXA@: encoding protein Homeobox a cluster
• HOXA10-HOXA9: readthrough gene unlikely to produce a protein product
• HPC4: Prostate cancer, hereditary, 4
• ICA1: islet cell autoantigen 1
• ING3: inhibitor of growth protein 3
• INTS1: encoding protein Integrator complex subunit 1
• IQCE: IQ domain-containing protein E
• KDM7A: encoding protein Lysine demethylase 7A
• LCHN: protein encoded by the KIAA1147 gene
• LHFPL3: LHFPL tetraspan subfamily member 3
• LINC01003: encoding long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1003
• LRRC17: leucine-rich repeat containing protein 17
• LRRC61: encoding protein Leucine rich repeat containing 61
• LRRD1: encoding protein Leucine-rich repeats and death domain containing 1
• LSM5: U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated
• LUC7L2: putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 2
• MACC1: encoding protein Macc1, met transcriptional regulator
• MAP11: encoding protein Microtubule-associated protein 11
• MDFIC: MyoD family inhibitor domain containing
• METTL2B: methyltransferase-like protein 2B
• MINDY4: MINDY lysine 48 deubiquitinase 4
• MIR93: encoding protein MicroRNA 93
• MIR148A: encoding protein MicroRNA 148a
• MIR196B: encoding protein MicroRNA 196b
• MIR548F4: encoding protein MicroRNA 548f-4
• MIR96: microRNA 96
• MOSPD3: motile sperm domain containing 3
• MTERF: mitochondrial transcription termination factor 1
• MTRNR2L6: encoding protein MT-RNR2-like 6
• NOM1: nucleolar protein with MIF4G domain 1
• NUDCD3: NudC domain-containing protein 3
• NUPL2: nucleoporin-like 2
• NXPH1: neurexophilin-1
• OPN1SW: blue-sensitive opsin
• PDAP1: PDGFA associated protein 1
• PHTF2: putative homeodomain transcription factor 2
• PLOD3: procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3
• POM121: POM121 transmembrane nucleoporin
• POP7: ribonuclease P protein subunit p20
• PPP1R17: protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 17
• PSPH: phosphoserine phosphatase
• PURB: purine-rich element binding protein B
• PVRIG: encoding protein Poliovirus receptor related immunoglobulin domain containing
• RADIL: ras-associating and dilute domain-containing protein
• RASA4B: encoding protein RAS p21 protein activator 4B
• RCP9: DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RCP9
• REPIN1: replication initiator 1
• RNF216-IT1: encoding protein RNF216 intronic transcript 1
• SCIN: scinderin
• SCRN1: secernin 1
• SEMA3E: encoding protein Semaphorin 3E
• SOSTDC1: sclerostin domain containing 1
• SPDYE1: speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member E1
• SSC4D: scavenger receptor cysteine rich family member with 4 domains
• STEAP1: six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1
• STEAP2: six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 2
• STEAP4: six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 4
• STYXL1: serine/threonine/tyrosine-interacting-like protein 1
• SUMF2: sulatase-modifying factor 2
• SYPL1: synaptophysin-like protein 1
• TARP: TCR gamma alternate reading frame protein
• TBRG4: transforming growth factor beta regulator 4
• TECPR1 encoding protein Tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 1
• TMED4: transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 4
• TMEM130: transmembrane protein 130
• TMEM196 encoding protein Transmembrane protein 196
• TMEM243: encoding protein Transmembrane protein 243
• TNRC18: encoding protein Trinucleotide repeat containing 18
• TRBC1 encoding protein T cell receptor beta constant 1
• TRBC2 encoding protein T cell receptor beta constant 2
• TRGV1: encoding protein T cell receptor gamma variable 1 (non-functional)
• TRIL: TRL4 interactor with leucine rich repeats
• UPK3B: encoding protein Uroplakin 3B
• URG4: up-regulated gene 4
• WBSCR17: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 17
• WDR91 encoding protein WD repeat domain 91
• WEE2-AS1: encoding protein WEE2 antisense RNA 1
• XKR5: encoding protein XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related family, member 5
• ZC3HAV1: zinc finger CCCH-type containing
• ZC3HC1: zinc finger C3HC-type containing 1
• ZNF106: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 106
• ZNF117: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 117
• ZNF394: zinc finger protein 394
• ZNF398: zinc finger protein 398
• ZNF679: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 679
• ZNF716: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 716
• ZNF727: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 727
• ZNF786: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 786
• ZNF853: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 853
• ZKSCAN1: zinc finger protein with KRAB and SCAN domains 1
• ZKSCAN5: zinc finger protein with KRAB and SCAN domains 5
• ZMIZ2: zinc finger MIZ domain-containing protein 2
• ZNF277P: zinc finger protein 277
• ZRF1: DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C2
• ZSCAN21: zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 21

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 7:

• 7p22.1 microduplication syndrome ^[12]
• argininosuccinic aciduria ^{[13] [14] [15]}
• cerebral cavernous malformation ^{[13] [15]}
• Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease ^[13]
• Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 3 ^[13]
• Citrullinemia, type II, adult-onset, ^[13]
• congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens ^[13]
• cystic fibrosis ^{[16] [13] [15]}
• Developmental verbal dyspraxia ^[17]
• distal spinal muscular atrophy, type V ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
• hemochromatosis, type 3 ^[13]
• Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer HNPCC4 ^[13]
• Lissencephaly syndrome, norman-roberts type ^[13]
• Marfan syndrome ^[13]
• maple syrup urine disease ^{[ citation needed ]}
• maturity onset diabetes of the young type 3^{[ citation needed ]}
• mucopolysaccharidosis type VII or Sly syndrome ^[13]
• Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, type 1D ^[13]
• myelodysplastic syndrome ^[18]
• Myotonia congenita ^{[13] [19]}
• nonsyndromic deafness ^[13]
• osteogenesis imperfecta ^{[ citation needed ]}
• p47-phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Pectus excavatum
• Pendred syndrome ^{[13] [20]}
• Romano–Ward syndrome ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Shwachman–Diamond syndrome ^{[13] [15]}
• Schizophrenia ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Silver-Russell syndrome ^[21]
• Specific language impairment ^{[13] [17]}
• Tritanopia or tritanomaly color blindness ^[13]
• Williams syndrome ^{[16] [13] [22]}
• Zellweger syndrome ^[23]

Chromosomal disorders

The following conditions are caused by changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 7:

• Williams syndrome is caused by the deletion of genetic material from a portion of the long (q) arm of chromosome 7. The deleted region, which is located at position 11.23 (written as 7q11.23), is designated as the Williams syndrome critical region. This region includes more than 20 genes, and researchers believe that the characteristic features of Williams syndrome are probably related to the loss of multiple genes in this region.

While a few of the specific genes related to Williams syndrome have been identified, the relationship between most of the genes in the deleted region and the signs and symptoms of Williams syndrome is unknown.

• Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 7 can cause delayed growth and development, mental disorder, characteristic facial features, skeletal abnormalities, delayed speech, and other medical problems. These changes include an extra copy of part of chromosome 7 in each cell (partial trisomy 7) or a missing segment of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 7). In some cases, several DNA building blocks (nucleotides) are deleted or duplicated in part of chromosome 7. A circular structure called ring chromosome 7 is also possible. A ring chromosome occurs when both ends of a broken chromosome are reunited. ^[24]

Cytogenetic band

G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 7

G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 7 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).

G-banding patterns of human chromosome 7 in three different resolutions (400, ^[25] 550 ^[26] and 850 ^[3] ). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013). ^[27] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process. ^[28]

G-bands of human chromosome 7 in resolution 850 bphs ^[3]

Chr.	Arm [29]	Band [30]	ISCN start [31]	ISCN stop [31]	Basepair start	Basepair stop	Stain [32]	Density
7	p	22.3	0	227	1	2,800,000	gneg
7	p	22.2	227	397	2,800,001	4,500,000	gpos	25
7	p	22.1	397	610	4,500,001	7,200,000	gneg
7	p	21.3	610	908	7,200,001	13,700,000	gpos	100
7	p	21.2	908	965	13,700,001	16,500,000	gneg
7	p	21.1	965	1121	16,500,001	20,900,000	gpos	100
7	p	15.3	1121	1419	20,900,001	25,500,000	gneg
7	p	15.2	1419	1589	25,500,001	27,900,000	gpos	50
7	p	15.1	1589	1816	27,900,001	28,800,000	gneg
7	p	14.3	1816	1986	28,800,001	34,900,000	gpos	75
7	p	14.2	1986	2043	34,900,001	37,100,000	gneg
7	p	14.1	2043	2327	37,100,001	43,300,000	gpos	75
7	p	13	2327	2639	43,300,001	45,400,000	gneg
7	p	12.3	2639	2838	45,400,001	49,000,000	gpos	75
7	p	12.2	2838	2909	49,000,001	50,500,000	gneg
7	p	12.1	2909	3093	50,500,001	53,900,000	gpos	75
7	p	11.2	3093	3306	53,900,001	58,100,000	gneg
7	p	11.1	3306	3448	58,100,001	60,100,000	acen
7	q	11.1	3448	3689	60,100,001	62,100,000	acen
7	q	11.21	3689	3973	62,100,001	67,500,000	gneg
7	q	11.22	3973	4171	67,500,001	72,700,000	gpos	50
7	q	11.23	4171	4597	72,700,001	77,900,000	gneg
7	q	21.11	4597	4994	77,900,001	86,700,000	gpos	100
7	q	21.12	4994	5108	86,700,001	88,500,000	gneg
7	q	21.13	5108	5292	88,500,001	91,500,000	gpos	75
7	q	21.2	5292	5406	91,500,001	93,300,000	gneg
7	q	21.3	5406	5661	93,300,001	98,400,000	gpos	75
7	q	22.1	5661	6129	98,400,001	104,200,000	gneg
7	q	22.2	6129	6300	104,200,001	104,900,000	gpos	50
7	q	22.3	6300	6470	104,900,001	107,800,000	gneg
7	q	31.1	6470	6683	107,800,001	115,000,000	gpos	75
7	q	31.2	6683	6867	115,000,001	117,700,000	gneg
7	q	31.31	6867	7094	117,700,001	121,400,000	gpos	75
7	q	31.32	7094	7208	121,400,001	124,100,000	gneg
7	q	31.33	7208	7364	124,100,001	127,500,000	gpos	75
7	q	32.1	7364	7449	127,500,001	129,600,000	gneg
7	q	32.2	7449	7576	129,600,001	130,800,000	gpos	25
7	q	32.3	7576	7803	130,800,001	132,900,000	gneg
7	q	33	7803	8031	132,900,001	138,500,000	gpos	50
7	q	34	8031	8371	138,500,001	143,400,000	gneg
7	q	35	8371	8612	143,400,001	148,200,000	gpos	75
7	q	36.1	8612	8910	148,200,001	152,800,000	gneg
7	q	36.2	8910	9080	152,800,001	155,200,000	gpos	25
7	q	36.3	9080	9350	155,200,001	159,345,973	gneg

In popular culture

Novels

In the novel Performance Anomalies, researchers at Stanford University identify mutations in the long (q) arm of chromosome 7 as underlying the accelerated nervous system of the spy protagonist Cono, ^[33] who receives the moniker Cono 7Q

References

1. "Search results - 1[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
2. Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN   978-1-136-84407-2.
3. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
4. What is chromosome 7, "Genetics Home Reference" of U.S. National Library of Medicine. April 2008. [2014-05-14].
5. Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC   2898077 . PMID   20441615.
6. "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 7". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
7. "Chromosome 7: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
8. "Human chromosome 7: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
9. "Search results - 7[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
10. "Search results - 7[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
11. "Search results - 7[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
12. Caselli, Rossella; Ballarati, Lucia; Vignoli, Aglaia; Peron, Angela; Recalcati, Maria Paola; Catusi, Ilaria; Larizza, Lidia; Giardino, Daniela (November 2015). "7p22.1 microduplication syndrome: Clinical and molecular characterization of an adult case and review of the literature". European Journal of Medical Genetics. 58 (11): 578–583. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.08.003. ISSN   1878-0849. PMID   26297194.
13. Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, Osborne LR, Nakabayashi K, Herbrick JA, Carson AR, Parker-Katiraee L, Skaug J, Khaja R, Zhang J, Hudek AK, Li M, Haddad M, Duggan GE, Fernandez BA, Kanematsu E, Gentles S, Christopoulos CC, Choufani S, Kwasnicka D, Zheng XH, Lai Z, Nusskern D, Zhang Q, Gu Z, Lu F, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJ, Teshima I, Chitayat D, Shuman C, Weksberg R, Zackai EH, Grebe TA, Cox SR, Kirkpatrick SJ, Rahman N, Friedman JM, Heng HH, Pelicci PG, Lo-Coco F, Belloni E, Shaffer LG, Pober B, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Bruns GA, Korf BR, Quade BJ, Ligon AH, Ferguson H, Higgins AW, Leach NT, Herrick SR, Lemyre E, Farra CG, Kim HG, Summers AM, Gripp KW, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Winsor EJ, Grzeschik KH, Teebi A, Minassian BA, Kere J, Armengol L, Pujana MA, Estivill X, Wilson MD, Koop BF, Tosi S, Moore GE, Boright AP, Zlotorynski E, Kerem B, Kroisel PM, Petek E, Oscier DG, Mould SJ, Döhner H, Döhner K, Rommens JM, Vincent JB, Venter JC, Li PW, Mural RJ, Adams MD, Tsui LC (May 2003). "Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology". Science. 300 (5620): 767–772. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..767S. doi:10.1126/science.1083423. PMC   2882961 . PMID   12690205.
14. Nagamani SC, Erez A, Lee B (May 2012). "Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency". Genetics in Medicine. 14 (5): 501–507. doi:10.1038/gim.2011.1. PMC   3709024 . PMID   22241104.
15. Gilbert F (2002). "Chromosome 7". Genetic Testing. 6 (2): 141–161. doi:10.1089/10906570260199429. PMID   12215256.
16. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK (Jul 2003). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7". Nature. 424 (6945): 157–164. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..157H. doi: 10.1038/nature01782 . PMID   12853948.</bn>Lichtenbelt KD, Hochstenbach R, van Dam WM, Eleveld MJ, Poot M, Beemer FA (Jan 2005). "Supernumerary ring chromosome 7 mosaicism: case report, investigation of the gene content, and delineation of the phenotype" (PDF). American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 132A (1): 93–100. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30408. PMID   15580634. S2CID   20178860. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
17. Newbury DF, Monaco AP (Oct 2010). "Genetic advances in the study of speech and language disorders". Neuron. 68 (2): 309–320. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.10.001. PMC   2977079 . PMID   20955937.
18. Solé F, Espinet B, Sanz GF, Cervera J, Calasanz MJ, Luño E, Prieto F, Granada I, Hernández JM, Cigudosa JC, Diez JL, Bureo E, Marqués ML, Arranz E, Ríos R, Martínez Climent JA, Vallespí T, Florensa L, Woessner S (Feb 2000). "Incidence, characterization and prognostic significance of chromosomal abnormalities in 640 patients with primary myelodysplastic syndromes. Grupo Cooperativo Español de Citogenética Hematológica". British Journal of Haematology. 108 (2): 346–356. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01868.x. PMID   10691865. S2CID   10149222.
19. Lossin C, George AL (2008). Myotonia congenita. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 63. pp. 25–55. doi:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)01002-X. ISBN   9780123745279. PMID   19185184.
20. Grimaldi R, Capuano P, Miranda N, Wagner C, Capasso G (2007). "[Pendrin: physiology, molecular biology and clinical importance]". Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia (in Italian). 24 (4): 288–294. PMID   17659500.
21. Eggermann T, Begemann M, Binder G, Spengler S (2010). "Silver-Russell syndrome: genetic basis and molecular genetic testing". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 5: 19. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-5-19. PMC   2907323 . PMID   20573229.
22. Zarchi O, Attias J, Gothelf D (2010). "Auditory and visual processing in Williams syndrome". The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 47 (2): 125–131. PMID   20733255.
23. Steinberg, Steven J; Raymond, Gerald V; Braverman, Nancy E; Moser, Ann B (2017). "Zellweger Spectrum Disorder". GeneReviews®. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID   20301621 . Retrieved 2019-09-17.
24. Velagaleti GV, Jalal SM, Kukolich MK, Lockhart LH, Tonk VS (Mar 2002). "De novo supernumerary ring chromosome 7: first report of a non-mosaic patient and review of the literature". Clinical Genetics. 61 (3): 202–206. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.610306.x. PMID   12000362. S2CID   33574584.
25. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
26. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
27. International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN   978-3-318-02253-7.
28. Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images". In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on: 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965. ISBN   978-1-4673-1921-8. S2CID   16666470.
29. "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
30. For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
31. These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
32. gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.
33. Lee, Victor Robert (2013-01-15). Performance Anomalies: A Novel. Perimeter Six Press. ISBN   9781938409202.

Further reading

• Rodríguez L, López F, Paisán L, de la Red Mdel M, Ruiz AM, Blanco M, Antelo Cortizas J, Martínez-Frías ML (Nov 2002). "Pure partial trisomy 7q: two new patients and review". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 113 (2): 218–224. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10719. PMID   12407716.

External links

• National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 7". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on August 3, 2004. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
• "Chromosome 7". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Retrieved 2017-05-06.