Chromosome 16

Last updated
Chromosome 16
Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 16 cropped.png
Human chromosome 16 pair after G-banding.
One is from mother, one is from father.
Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 16.png
Chromosome 16 pair
in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)96,330,374 bp
(CHM13)
No. of genes 795 (CCDS) [1]
Type Autosome
Centromere position Metacentric [2]
(36.8 Mbp [3] )
Complete gene lists
CCDS Gene list
HGNC Gene list
UniProt Gene list
NCBI Gene list
External map viewers
Ensembl Chromosome 16
Entrez Chromosome 16
NCBI Chromosome 16
UCSC Chromosome 16
Full DNA sequences
RefSeq NC_000016 (FASTA)
GenBank CM000678 (FASTA)

Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 16 spans about 90 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents just under 3% of the total DNA in cells.

Contents

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 16. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. [4]

Estimated by Protein-coding genes Non-coding RNA genes Pseudogenes SourceRelease date
CCDS 795 [1] 2016-09-08
HGNC 802251365 [5] 2017-05-12
Ensembl 8651,046462 [6] 2017-03-29
UniProt 838 [7] 2018-02-28
NCBI 912652502 [8] [9] [10] 2017-05-19

Gene list

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 16. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

Diseases and disorders

Associated traits

Cytogenetic band

G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 16
Human chromosome 16 ideogram vertical.svg
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).
Human chromosome 16 - 400 550 850 bphs.png
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 16 in three different resolutions (400, [13] 550 [14] and 850 [3] ). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013). [15] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process. [16]
G-bands of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs [17]
Chr.Arm [18] Band [19] ISCN
start [20]
ISCN
stop [20]
Basepair
start
Basepair
stop
Stain [21] Density
16p13.3035217,800,000gneg
16p13.23525967,800,00110,400,000gpos50
16p13.1359681310,400,00112,500,000gneg
16p13.1281394812,500,00114,700,000gpos50
16p13.11948107014,700,00116,700,000gneg
16p12.31070124616,700,00121,200,000gpos50
16p12.21246140921,200,00124,200,000gneg
16p12.11409155824,200,00128,500,000gpos50
16p11.21558185628,500,00135,300,000gneg
16p11.11856204535,300,00136,800,000acen
16q11.12045219436,800,00138,400,000acen
16q11.22194270938,400,00147,000,000gvar
16q12.12709295347,000,00152,600,000gneg
16q12.22953314252,600,00156,000,000gpos50
16q133142334656,000,00157,300,000gneg
16q213346365757,300,00166,600,000gpos100
16q22.13657402366,600,00170,800,000gneg
16q22.24023411870,800,00172,800,000gpos50
16q22.34118429472,800,00174,100,000gneg
16q23.14294455174,100,00179,200,000gpos75
16q23.24551465979,200,00181,600,000gneg
16q23.34659476881,600,00184,100,000gpos50
16q24.14768493084,100,00187,000,000gneg
16q24.24930502587,000,00188,700,000gpos25
16q24.35025512088,700,00190,338,345gneg

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References

  1. 1 2 "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  2. Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN   978-1-136-84407-2.
  3. 1 2 Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  4. Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206 . PMC   2898077 . PMID   20441615.
  5. "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 16". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2017-05-12. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  6. "Chromosome 16: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  7. "Human chromosome 16: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  8. "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  9. "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  10. "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  11. Maillard, A M (25 November 2014). "The 16p11.2 locus modulates brain structures common to autism, schizophrenia and obesity". Molecular Psychiatry. 20 (1): 140–147. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.145. PMC   4320286 . PMID   25421402.
  12. Richter, M (21 February 2018). "Altered TAOK2 activity causes autism-related neurodevelopmental and cognitive abnormalities through RhoA signaling". Molecular Psychiatry. 24 (9): 1329–1350. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0025-5. PMC   6756231 . PMID   29467497.
  13. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  14. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  15. International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN   978-3-318-02253-7.
  16. Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images". 2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE). pp. 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965. ISBN   978-1-4673-1921-8. S2CID   16666470.
  17. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  18. "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
  19. For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
  20. 1 2 These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
  21. gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.