EGFR-coamplified and overexpressed protein, also known as ECOP, is a human gene.[5] ECOP is a human protein coded by this gene found on chromosome 7p11.2 and containing 15 exons. Also known as VOPP1 (overexpressed in cancer, prosurvival protein 1) or GASP (a human protein that is found in the VOPP1 gene), it is often discussed in the context of cancer biology because it is expressed in various forms of cancer. ECOP was first identified because it was frequently found to be amplified together with the receptor gene EGFR in tumors.[6]
Gene
ECOP is encoded by a gene located on chromosome 7p11.2 and contains 15 exons.[5] The protein is typically localized to cytoplasmic vesicle membranes and is expressed in many forms of human tissue. The gene plays a crucial role in determining the expression levels of the protein.
Function
Further cellular research provides information that ECOP is a vesicle-localized protein that balances inflammation and signaling through its effects on the NF-kappaB pathway. It is best known for enabling enzyme-binding activity that regulates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. ECOP influences NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and the associated apoptotic response in an IkappaBalpha-dependent manner.[7]
Other studies suggest that ECOP can contribute to resistance to apoptosis and may promote tumor expansiveness and aggressiveness due to its ability to enhance tumor growth in affected cancer types.
Clinical significance
ECOP possesses characteristics of an oncogene and has become a common target of research in cancer therapy. It has consistently been implicated in various tumors, including glioblastomas, gastric adenocarcinoma, and squamous-cell carcinomas.[6] These are among the more prominent tumors associated with ECOP expression and its effects on tissues.
Research has also found that ECOP may serve as an important diagnostic or prognosticbiomarker and could represent a potential therapeutic target.[7]
Discovery
First discovered in the early 2000s, ECOP was found from genomic studies that were done on glioblastoma multiforme, which is a very strong, fast-growing, and aggressive cancerous brain tumor. This type of tumor originates from glial cells. This brain cancer is associated with high rates of EGFR gene amplification, which is what originally caused it to catch the researchers attention because of the correlation between the EGFR gene and the ECOP protein.[8]
EGFR itself is located in a chromosomal region that often undergoes amplification, which in turn causes the neighboring genes that are around it to be amplified at the same time. The VOPP1 gene was noticed to have had a very obvious over expression in glioblastoma tumors. These types of tumors also had this EGFR amplification, so these two genes were immediately considered to have a relationship since they were next to one another and synchronously amplified. In the early stages of characterizing the gene, it was implied that the VOPP1-encoded protein must be vesicle-associated because it is also an intracellular protein. This protein additionally is a pro-survival protein, so with cancer itself, it works as a part in the increase of cancer cells and even can move the cells to other areas all from within its role in the cell. Eventually, this discovery led to other names being proposed for this protein for the other types of uses it has.[8]
Axial view of an MRI showing a glioblastoma multiforme brain tumor
The study done by Park and James (2005)[7] found that the protein balances NF-kB activity while also playing a role in apoptotic responses further downstream of inflammatory signaling. The work in their study analyzed ECOP as an active regulator of cell signaling instead of the previous assumptions in which that it was a spectator of EGFR amplification, which is what was thought to be the case at the beginning of ECOP's discovery. Subsequent research over time and within their study continued to find greater relevance of ECOP in the overexpression of a multitude of cancers, such as gastric, lung, and head and neck cancers, without simply focusing on glioblastomas. ECOP plays a role in many different cancerous tumors because it does not kill off the cells or promote any cell death, which makes the cancer cells continue to replicate, build, and multiply. This is exactly how cancer thrives because it wants to rapidly continue to add more and more cells until it eventually becomes a tumor.
Gene
The VOPP1 gene is located on the chromosome 7p11.2 and it is found near the EGFR oncogene. The location of the chromosome in relation to the oncogene's location is often the reasoning for why VOPP1 is co-amplified in cancers. EGFR amplification and VOPP1 are in such close and neighboring proximities, which causes the synchronous amplification that is found to be a strong reason why ECOP plays a role in cancers and tumor growth. With 15 exons, this gene produces a protein of about 42-43 kDa.[9]
Protein
ECOP is considered to be a vesicle-localized protein and it is found intracellular within a cell membrane. It can also be found supplemented within more specific compartments like endosomes, lysosomes, and other secretory vesicles.[9]
The sequence of the protein itself hints that it can be an adaptor or scaffolding protein to help coordinate intracellular signaling. It is not found in the nucleus majority of the time, which supports the idea of ECOP being an upstream regulator of cytosolic signaling pathways, and specifically the NF-kB pathway. The localization of ECOP tends to be influenced by receptor activation, cellular stress, and proteolytic pathways. In cancer studies, it has been found ECOP levels may result from genomic amplification, transcriptional up regulation, or the protein becoming stabilized. High expression of ECOP is seen in various cancers, which are found to be specifically common in glioblastomas, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, and non-small cell lung carcinoma.[6]
In gastric cancer specifically, Gao et al. (2015) described ECOP as a putative oncogene,[6] which means ECOP is much more overexpressed in gastric tumor tissues relative to normal mucosa. This can correlate high ECOP expression with tumor infiltration and can suggest ECOP as a reason for tumor progression.
Function
Regulation of NF-kB Signaling
ECOP was most commonly described as being significant in the regulation of the NF-kB transcription pathway. This pathway controls genes involved in processes like inflammation, immunity, cell survival, and apoptosis resistance. When in resting state, the NF-kB pathway is inactive in the cytoplasm through binding to IkBa, which is a natural inhibitor for the pathway. Other cellular parts involved like TNFa (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) or IL-1B (interleukin-1 beta) trigger the phosphorylation and degradation of interleukin-1 beta. This proceeds to let the p65 NF-kB subunit to pass into the nucleus and therefore activate gene transcription to duplicate the DNA to RNA and express the gene. ECOP was able to be found as an established and positive regulator of NF-kB activation because it contributes to the survival signaling of cancers and the cells within it as well.[8]
The VOPP1 gene itself is expressed at low to moderate levels across various normal tissues like the brain, lung, and gastric area, which is where all forms of cancer are also found.[9]
Anti-apoptotic effects
ECOP enhances expression of genes involved in cell survival when it is regulating the NF-kB pathway. Turning ECOP off leads to possibility of apoptosis in response to many various factors such as, TNFa, cycloheximide, oxidative stress, andchemotherapeutic agents.[7]
Also, the cells lacking ECOP show an increase in nuclear fragmentation, PARP cleavage, and death signaling. On the other hand, high ECOP expression reflects partial resistance to apoptotic stimuli where the cells do not go through cell death and there will continue to be more cells produced over time within replacement of any other ones. This would cause an overflow of cells eventually leading to a tumor forming and cancer being diagnosed. There are potential proposals that ECOP could have more of a functional role in receptor trafficking because it is localized in a vesicle, so it could be a possibility, but further research would need to be done and supported before any confirmations on this could happen.[7]
Clinical significance
There is much evidence found that suggests that ECOP contributes to major factors involved with cancer, specially brain, head and neck, and gastric cancers. It is involved with sustained proliferation, shows a resistance to apoptosis, and has an inflammatory environment. Park and James (2005)[7] found in their study that ECOP is expressed at higher levels in EGFR-amplified glioblastoma cells and the 2025 Springer article found that the gene, VOPP1, within the protein is a component of vesicle-associated tumors.
Other Names
Most commonly labeled as VOPP1 (domain binding protein)[5]
1234Gao C, Pang M, Zhou Z, Long S, Dong D, Yang J, etal. (November 2015). "Epidermal growth factor receptor-coamplified and overexpressed protein (VOPP1) is a putative oncogene in gastric cancer". Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 15 (4): 469–475. doi:10.1007/s10238-014-0320-7. PMID25398664.
123456Park S, James CD (April 2005). "ECop (EGFR-coamplified and overexpressed protein), a novel protein, regulates NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and associated apoptotic response in an IkappaBalpha-dependent manner". Oncogene. 24 (15): 2495–2502. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208496. PMID15735698.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID8125298.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–156. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID9373149.
Matsuda A, Suzuki Y, Honda G, Muramatsu S, Matsuzaki O, Nagano Y, etal. (May 2003). "Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways". Oncogene. 22 (21): 3307–3318. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206406. PMID12761501. S2CID38880905.
Brandenberger R, Wei H, Zhang S, Lei S, Murage J, Fisk GJ, etal. (June 2004). "Transcriptome characterization elucidates signaling networks that control human ES cell growth and differentiation". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (6): 707–716. doi:10.1038/nbt971. PMID15146197. S2CID27764390.
Park S, James CD (April 2005). "ECop (EGFR-coamplified and overexpressed protein), a novel protein, regulates NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and associated apoptotic response in an IkappaBalpha-dependent manner". Oncogene. 24 (15): 2495–2502. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208496. PMID15735698. S2CID342531.
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