Marfan syndrome

Last updated
Marfan syndrome
Other namesMarfan's syndrome
Ectopia Lentis in Marfan syndrome.jpg
Ectopia lentis in Marfan syndrome: Zonular fibers are seen.
Specialty Medical genetics
Symptoms Tall thin build; long arms, legs and fingers; flexible fingers and toes [1]
Complications Scoliosis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic aneurysm [1]
DurationLong term [1]
CausesGenetic (autosomal dominant) [1]
Diagnostic method Ghent criteria [2] and genetic testing (DNA analysis). [3]
Differential diagnosis Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Medication Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors [4] [5]
Prognosis Often normal life expectancy [1]
Frequency1 in 5,000–10,000 [4]

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a multi-systemic genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue. [6] [7] [1] Those with the condition tend to be tall and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes. [1] They also typically have exceptionally flexible joints and abnormally curved spines. [1] The most serious complications involve the heart and aorta, with an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse and aortic aneurysm. [1] [8] The lungs, eyes, bones, and the covering of the spinal cord are also commonly affected. [1] The severity of the symptoms is variable. [1]

Contents

MFS is caused by a mutation in FBN1 , one of the genes that make fibrillin, which results in abnormal connective tissue. [1] It is an autosomal dominant disorder. [1] In about 75% of cases, it is inherited from a parent with the condition, while in about 25% it is a new mutation. [1] Diagnosis is often based on the Ghent criteria, family history and genetic testing [2] [4] (DNA analysis). [3]

There is no known cure for MFS. [1] Many of those with the disorder have a normal life expectancy with proper treatment. [1] Management often includes the use of beta blockers such as propranolol or atenolol or, if they are not tolerated, calcium channel blockers or ACE inhibitors. [4] [5] Surgery may be required to repair the aorta or replace a heart valve. [5] Avoiding strenuous exercise is recommended for those with the condition. [4]

About 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 10,000 people have MFS. [4] [9] Rates of the condition are similar in different regions of the world. [9] It is named after French pediatrician Antoine Marfan, who first described it in 1896. [10] [11]

Signs and symptoms

An anterior chest wall deformity, pectus excavatum, in a person with Marfan syndrome MarfanChest.jpg
An anterior chest wall deformity, pectus excavatum, in a person with Marfan syndrome

More than 30 signs and symptoms are variably associated with Marfan syndrome. The most prominent of these affect the skeletal, cardiovascular, and ocular systems, but all fibrous connective tissue throughout the body can be affected.

Skeletal system

Most of the readily visible signs are associated with the skeletal system. Many people with Marfan syndrome grow to above-average height, and some have disproportionately long, slender limbs with thin, weak wrists and long fingers and toes.

The Steinberg sign, also known as the thumb sign, is one of the clinical examination tests for Marfan disease in the hands. It is a clinical test in which the tip of the thumb extends beyond the palm when the thumb is clasped in the clenched hand. [12] [13] [14]

Besides affecting height and limb proportions, people with Marfan syndrome may have abnormal lateral curvature of the spine scoliosis, thoracic lordosis, abnormal indentation ( pectus excavatum ) or protrusion ( pectus carinatum ) of the sternum, abnormal joint flexibility, a high-arched palate with crowded teeth and an overbite, flat feet, hammer toes, stooped shoulders, and unexplained stretch marks on the skin. It can also cause pain in the joints, bones, and muscles. Some people with Marfan have speech disorders resulting from symptomatic high palates and small jaws. Early osteoarthritis may occur. Other signs include limited range of motion in the hips due to the femoral head protruding into abnormally deep hip sockets. [15] [16]

Eyes

Lens dislocation in Marfan syndrome with the lens being kidney-shaped and resting against the ciliary body Lens marfan.gif
Lens dislocation in Marfan syndrome with the lens being kidney-shaped and resting against the ciliary body

In Marfan syndrome, the health of the eye can be affected in many ways, but the principal change is partial lens dislocation, where the lens is shifted out of its normal position. [16] This occurs because of weakness in the ciliary zonules, the connective tissue strands which suspend the lens within the eye. The mutations responsible for Marfan syndrome weaken the zonules and cause them to stretch. The inferior zonules are most frequently stretched resulting in the lens shifting upwards and outwards, but it can shift in other directions as well. Nearsightedness (myopia), and blurred vision are common due to connective tissue defects in the eye. [17] Farsightedness can also result particularly if the lens is highly subluxated. Subluxation (partial dislocation) of the lens can be detected clinically in about 60% of people with Marfan syndrome by the use of a slit-lamp biomicroscope. [17] If the lens subluxation is subtle, then imaging with high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy might be used. [18]

Other signs and symptoms affecting the eye include increased length along an axis of the globe, myopia, corneal flatness, strabismus, exotropia, and esotropia. [16] Those with MFS are also at a high risk for early glaucoma and early cataracts. [17]

Cardiovascular system

The most serious signs and symptoms associated with Marfan syndrome involve the cardiovascular system: undue fatigue, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, racing heartbeats, or chest pain radiating to the back, shoulder, or arm. Cold arms, hands, and feet can also be linked to MFS because of inadequate circulation. A heart murmur, abnormal reading on an ECG, or symptoms of angina can indicate further investigation. The signs of regurgitation from prolapse of the mitral or aortic valves (which control the flow of blood through the heart) result from cystic medial degeneration of the valves, which is commonly associated with MFS (see mitral valve prolapse, aortic regurgitation). However, the major sign that would lead a doctor to consider an underlying condition is a dilated aorta or an aortic aneurysm. Sometimes, no heart problems are apparent until the weakening of the connective tissue (cystic medial degeneration) in the ascending aorta causes an aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection, a surgical emergency. An aortic dissection is most often fatal and presents with pain radiating down the back, giving a tearing sensation. [19]

Because underlying connective tissue abnormalities cause MFS, the incidence of dehiscence of prosthetic mitral valve is increased. [20] Care should be taken to attempt repair of damaged heart valves rather than replacement. [21]

Lungs

Individuals with Marfan Syndrome may be affected by various lung-related problems. One study found that only 37% of the patient sample studied (mean age 32±14 years; M 45%) had normal lung function. [22] Spontaneous pneumothorax is common. [23] In spontaneous unilateral pneumothorax, air escapes from a lung and occupies the pleural space between the chest wall and a lung. The lung becomes partially compressed or collapsed. This can cause pain, shortness of breath, cyanosis, and, if not treated, death. Other possible pulmonary manifestations of MFS include sleep apnea [24] and idiopathic obstructive lung disease. [25] Pathologic changes in the lungs have been described such as cystic changes, emphysema, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, bullae, apical fibrosis and congenital malformations such as middle lobe hypoplasia. [26]

Nervous system

Dural ectasia, the weakening of the connective tissue of the dural sac encasing the spinal cord, can result in a loss of quality of life. It can be present for a long time without producing any noticeable symptoms. Symptoms that can occur are lower back pain, leg pain, abdominal pain, other neurological symptoms in the lower extremities, or headaches symptoms which usually diminish when lying flat. On X-ray, however, dural ectasia is not often visible in the early stages. A worsening of symptoms might warrant an MRI of the lower spine. Dural ectasia that has progressed to this stage would appear in an MRI as a dilated pouch wearing away at the lumbar vertebrae. [27] Other spinal issues associated with MFS include degenerative disc disease, spinal cysts, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.[ citation needed ]

Genetics

Marfan syndrome is inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern. Autosomal dominant - en.svg
Marfan syndrome is inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern.

Each parent with the condition has a 50% risk of passing the genetic defect on to any child due to its autosomal dominant nature. Most individuals with MFS have another affected family member. About 75% of cases are inherited. [1] On the other hand, about 15–30% of all cases are due to de novo genetic mutations; [28] such spontaneous mutations occur in about one in 20,000 births. Marfan syndrome is also an example of dominant negative mutation and haploinsufficiency. [29] [30] It is associated with variable expressivity; complete penetrance has been definitively documented. [31]

Pathogenesis

Micrograph demonstrating myxomatous degeneration of the aortic valve, a common manifestation of MFS Myxomatous aortic valve.jpg
Micrograph demonstrating myxomatous degeneration of the aortic valve, a common manifestation of MFS

Marfan syndrome is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15, [32] which encodes fibrillin 1, a glycoprotein component of the extracellular matrix. Fibrillin-1 is essential for the proper formation of the extracellular matrix, including the biogenesis and maintenance of elastic fibers. The extracellular matrix is critical for both the structural integrity of connective tissue, but also serves as a reservoir for growth factors. [28] Elastic fibers are found throughout the body, but are particularly abundant in the aorta, ligaments and the ciliary zonules of the eye; consequently, these areas are among the worst affected.

A transgenic mouse has been created carrying a single copy of a mutant fibrillin-1, a mutation similar to that found in the human gene known to cause MFS. This mouse strain recapitulates many of the features of the human disease and promises to provide insights into the pathogenesis of the disease. Reducing the level of normal fibrillin 1 causes a Marfan-related disease in mice. [33]

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays an important role in MFS. Fibrillin-1 directly binds a latent form of TGF-β, keeping it sequestered and unable to exert its biological activity. The simplest model suggests reduced levels of fibrillin-1 allow TGF-β levels to rise due to inadequate sequestration. Although how elevated TGF-β levels are responsible for the specific pathology seen with the disease is not proven, an inflammatory reaction releasing proteases that slowly degrade the elastic fibers and other components of the extracellular matrix is known to occur. The importance of the TGF-β pathway was confirmed with the discovery of the similar Loeys–Dietz syndrome involving the TGFβR2 gene on chromosome 3, a receptor protein of TGF-β. [34] Marfan syndrome has often been confused with Loeys–Dietz syndrome, because of the considerable clinical overlap between the two pathologies. [35]

Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome

Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome (MPL), also referred to as Marfan lipodystrophy syndrome (MFLS), is a variant of MFS in which Marfan symptoms are accompanied by features usually associated with neonatal progeroid syndrome (also referred to as Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome) in which the levels of white adipose tissue are reduced. [36] Since 2010, evidence has been accumulating that MPL is caused by mutations near the 3'-terminus of the FBN1 gene. [37] [38] It has been shown that these people are also deficient in asprosin, a gluco-regulatory protein hormone which is the C-terminal cleavage product of profibrillin. The levels of asprosin seen in these people were lower than expected for a heterozygous genotype, consistent with a dominant negative effect. [39]

Diagnosis

Ultrasound of a person with Marfan syndrome, showing a dilated aortic root

Diagnostic criteria of MFS were agreed upon internationally in 1996. [40] However, Marfan syndrome is often difficult to diagnose in children, as they typically do not show symptoms until reaching pubescence. [41] A diagnosis is based on family history and a combination of major and minor indicators of the disorder, rare in the general population, that occur in one individual for example: four skeletal signs with one or more signs in another body system such as ocular and cardiovascular in one individual. The following conditions may result from MFS, but may also occur in people without any known underlying disorder.

Revised Ghent nosology

Thumb sign; upper: normal, lower: Marfan syndrome Marfan thumb sign.svg
Thumb sign; upper: normal, lower: Marfan syndrome

In 2010, the Ghent nosology was revised, and new diagnostic criteria superseded the previous agreement made in 1996. The seven new criteria can lead to a diagnosis: [57] [58]

In the absence of a family history of MFS:

  1. Aortic root Z-score ≥ 2 AND ectopia lentis
  2. Aortic root Z-score ≥ 2 AND an FBN1 mutation
  3. Aortic root Z-score ≥ 2 AND a systemic score* > 7 points
  4. Ectopia lentis AND an FBN1 mutation with known aortic pathology

In the presence of a family history of MFS (as defined above):

  1. Ectopia lentis
  2. Systemic score* ≥ 7
  3. Aortic root Z-score ≥ 2

The thumb sign (Steinberg's sign) is elicited by asking the person to flex the thumb as far as possible and then close the fingers over it. A positive thumb sign is where the entire distal phalanx is visible beyond the ulnar border of the hand, caused by a combination of hypermobility of the thumb as well as a thumb which is longer than usual.[ citation needed ]

The wrist sign (Walker-Murdoch sign) is elicited by asking the person to curl the thumb and fingers of one hand around the other wrist. A positive wrist sign is where the little finger and the thumb overlap, caused by a combination of thin wrists and long fingers. [59]

Differential diagnosis

Many other disorders can produce the same type of body characteristics as Marfan syndrome. [60] Genetic testing and evaluating other signs and symptoms can help to differentiate these. The following are some of the disorders that can manifest as "marfanoid":[ citation needed ]

Management

There is no cure for Marfan syndrome, but life expectancy has increased significantly over the last few decades[ when? ] and is now similar to that of the average person. [62]

Regular checkups are recommended to monitor the health of the heart valves and the aorta. Marfan syndrome is treated by addressing each issue as it arises and, in particular, preventive medication even for young children to slow progression of aortic dilation. The goal of this treatment strategy is to slow the progression of aortic dilation and prevent any damage to heart valves by eliminating heart arrythmias, minimizing the heart rate, and lowering the person's blood pressure. [63]

Physical activity

The American Heart Association made the following recommendations for people with Marfan syndrome with no or mild aortic dilation: [64] [65]

Medication

Management often includes the use of beta blockers such as propranolol or if not tolerated calcium channel blockers or ACE inhibitors. [4] [5] Beta blockers are used to reduce the stress exerted on the aorta and to decrease aortic dilation. [17]

Surgery

If the dilation of the aorta progresses to a significant-diameter aneurysm, causes a dissection or a rupture, or leads to failure of the aortic or other valve, then surgery (possibly a composite aortic valve graft or valve-sparing aortic root replacement) becomes necessary. Although aortic graft surgery (or any vascular surgery) is a serious undertaking it is generally successful if undertaken on an elective basis. [66] Surgery in the setting of acute aortic dissection or rupture is considerably more problematic. Elective aortic valve/graft surgery is usually considered when aortic root diameter reaches 50 millimeters (2.0 inches), but each case needs to be specifically evaluated by a qualified cardiologist. New valve-sparing surgical techniques are becoming more common. [67] As people with Marfan syndrome live longer, other vascular repairs are becoming more common, e.g., repairs of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms and aneurysms of vessels other than the aorta.[ citation needed ]

The skeletal and ocular manifestations of Marfan syndrome can also be serious, although not life-threatening. These symptoms are usually treated in an appropriate manner for the condition, such as with pain medications or muscle relaxants. Because Marfan syndrome may cause asymptomatic spinal abnormalities, any spinal surgery contemplated on a person Marfan should only follow detailed imaging and careful surgical planning, regardless of the indication for surgery. The ocular complications of MFS can often be treated with surgery. Ectopia lentis can be treated, as artificial lenses can be surgically implanted. In addition, surgery can address glaucoma and cataracts. [17]

Treatment of a spontaneous pneumothorax is dependent on the volume of air in the pleural space and the natural progression of the individual's condition. A small pneumothorax might resolve without active treatment in one to two weeks. Recurrent pneumothoraces might require chest surgery. Moderately sized pneumothoraces might need chest drain management for several days in a hospital. Large pneumothoraces are likely to be medical emergencies requiring emergency decompression. [68]

As an alternative approach, custom-built supports for the aortic root are also being used. [69] As of 2020 this procedure has been used in over 300 people with the first case occurring in 2004. [70] [71]

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, even in the absence of preconception cardiovascular abnormality, women with Marfan syndrome are at significant risk of aortic dissection, which is often fatal even when rapidly treated. Women with Marfan syndrome, then, should receive a thorough assessment prior to conception, and echocardiography should be performed every six to 10 weeks during pregnancy, to assess the aortic root diameter. For most women, safe vaginal delivery is possible. [72]

Prenatal testing can be performed in females with Marfan syndrome to determine if the condition has been inherited in their child. [41] At 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy, examining a piece of placental tissue through a test called chorionic villus sampling can be performed to make a diagnosis. [41] Another prenatal test can be performed called amniocentesis at 16 to 18 weeks of pregnancy. [41]

Marfan syndrome is expressed dominantly. This means a child with one parent a bearer of the gene has a 50% probability of getting the syndrome. In 1996, the first preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) therapy for Marfan was conducted; [73] in essence PGT means conducting a genetic test on early-stage IVF embryo cells and discarding those embryos affected by the Marfan mutation.

Prognosis

Prior to modern cardiovascular surgical techniques and medications such as losartan, and metoprolol, the prognosis of those with Marfan syndrome was not good: a range of untreatable cardiovascular issues was common. Lifespan was reduced by at least a third, and many died in their teens and twenties due to cardiovascular problems. Today, cardiovascular symptoms of Marfan syndrome are still the most significant issues in diagnosis and management of the disease, but adequate prophylactic monitoring and prophylactic therapy offers something approaching a normal lifespan, and more manifestations of the disease are being discovered as more patients live longer. [74] Women with Marfan syndrome live longer than men. [16]

Epidemiology

Marfan syndrome affects males and females equally, [75] and the mutation shows no ethnic or geographical bias. [9] Estimates indicate about 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 individuals have Marfan syndrome. [4]

History

Marfan syndrome is named after Antoine Marfan, [10] the French pediatrician who first described the condition in 1896 after noticing striking features in a five-year-old girl. [11] [76] The gene linked to the disease was first identified by Francesco Ramirez at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City in 1991. [77]

Famous patients

Notable people who have or had Marfan syndrome include:

Other historical figures and celebrities have appeared on lists of people with Marfan syndrome, but from case to case the evidence is speculative, questionable, or even refuted. [92]

See also

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aortic dissection</span> Injury to the innermost layer of the aorta

Aortic dissection (AD) occurs when an injury to the innermost layer of the aorta allows blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall, forcing the layers apart. In most cases, this is associated with a sudden onset of severe chest or back pain, often described as "tearing" in character. Vomiting, sweating, and lightheadedness may also occur. Damage to other organs may result from the decreased blood supply, such as stroke, lower extremity ischemia, or mesenteric ischemia. Aortic dissection can quickly lead to death from insufficient blood flow to the heart or complete rupture of the aorta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aortic aneurysm</span> Excessive enlargement of the human aorta

An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement (dilatation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size. They usually cause no symptoms except when ruptured. Occasionally, there may be abdominal, back, or leg pain. The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm ("AAA") has been reported to range from 2 to 12% and is found in about 8% of men more than 65 years of age. The mortality rate attributable to AAA is about 15,000 per year in the United States and 6,000 to 8,000 per year in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Between 2001 and 2006, there were approximately 230,000 AAA surgical repairs performed on Medicare patients in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva</span> Medical condition

Aneurysm of the aortic sinus, also known as the sinus of Valsalva, is a rare abnormality of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The aorta normally has three small pouches that sit directly above the aortic valve, and an aneurysm of one of these sinuses is a thin-walled swelling. Aneurysms may affect the right (65–85%), non-coronary (10–30%), or rarely the left coronary sinus. These aneurysms may not cause any symptoms but if large can cause shortness of breath, palpitations or blackouts. Aortic sinus aneurysms can burst or rupture into adjacent cardiac chambers, which can lead to heart failure if untreated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thoracic aortic aneurysm</span> Medical condition

A thoracic aortic aneurysm is an aortic aneurysm that presents primarily in the thorax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congenital heart defect</span> Defect in the structure of the heart that is present at birth

A congenital heart defect (CHD), also known as a congenital heart anomaly, congenital cardiovascular malformation, and congenital heart disease, is a defect in the structure of the heart or great vessels that is present at birth. A congenital heart defect is classed as a cardiovascular disease. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of defect. Symptoms can vary from none to life-threatening. When present, symptoms are variable and may include rapid breathing, bluish skin (cyanosis), poor weight gain, and feeling tired. CHD does not cause chest pain. Most congenital heart defects are not associated with other diseases. A complication of CHD is heart failure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arachnodactyly</span> Medical condition

Arachnodactyly is a medical condition that is characterized by fingers and toes that are abnormally long and slender, in comparison to the palm of the hand and arch of the foot. In some cases, the thumbs of an individual with the condition are pulled inwards towards the palm. This condition is present at birth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibrillin</span> Protein family

Fibrillin is a glycoprotein, which is essential for the formation of elastic fibers found in connective tissue. Fibrillin is secreted into the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts and becomes incorporated into the insoluble microfibrils, which appear to provide a scaffold for deposition of elastin.

A connective tissue disease is a disease which involves damage to, or destruction of, any type of connective tissue in the body. Depending on the specific disease, the affected tissue(s) may be a single specific type, a group of several related tissues, or a wide variety of unrelated types of connective tissue. Some of the most common connective tissue diseases involve injury to collagen and elastin as a result of inflammation. Many connective tissue diseases are strongly connected to autoimmune disease processes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ortner's syndrome</span> Medical condition

Ortner's syndrome is a rare cardiovocal syndrome and refers to recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy from cardiovascular disease. It was first described by Norbert Ortner (1865–1935), an Austrian physician, in 1897.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Larsen syndrome</span> Medical condition

Larsen syndrome (LS) is a congenital disorder discovered in 1950 by Larsen and associates when they observed dislocation of the large joints and face anomalies in six of their patients. Patients with Larsen syndrome normally present with a variety of symptoms, including congenital anterior dislocation of the knees, dislocation of the hips and elbows, flattened facial appearance, prominent foreheads, and depressed nasal bridges. Larsen syndrome can also cause a variety of cardiovascular and orthopedic abnormalities. This rare disorder is caused by a genetic defect in the gene encoding filamin B, a cytoplasmic protein that is important in regulating the structure and activity of the cytoskeleton. The gene that influences the emergence of Larsen syndrome is found in chromosome region, 3p21.1-14.1, a region containing human type VII collagen gene. Larsen syndrome has recently been described as a mesenchyme disorder that affects the connective tissue of an individual. Autosomal dominant and recessive forms of the disorder have been reported, although most cases are autosomal dominant. Reports have found that in Western societies, Larsen syndrome can be found in one in every 100,000 births, but this is most likely an underestimate because the disorder is frequently unrecognized or misdiagnosed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loeys–Dietz syndrome</span> Medical condition

Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal dominant genetic connective tissue disorder. It has features similar to Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. The disorder is marked by aneurysms in the aorta, often in children, and the aorta may also undergo sudden dissection in the weakened layers of the wall of the aorta. Aneurysms and dissections also can occur in arteries other than the aorta. Because aneurysms in children tend to rupture early, children are at greater risk for dying if the syndrome is not identified. Surgery to repair aortic aneurysms is essential for treatment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MASS syndrome</span> Medical condition

MASS syndrome is a medical disorder of the connective tissue similar to Marfan syndrome. MASS stands for mitral valve prolapse, aortic root diameter at upper limits of normal for body size, stretch marks of the skin, and skeletal conditions similar to Marfan syndrome. It is caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene, which encodes fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 is an extracellular matrix protein that is found in microfibrils; defects in the fibrillin-1 protein cause the malfunctioning of microfibrils, which results in improper stretching of ligaments, blood vessels, and skin.

The Bentall procedure is a type of cardiac surgery involving composite graft replacement of the aortic valve, aortic root, and ascending aorta, with re-implantation of the coronary arteries into the graft. This operation is used to treat combined disease of the aortic valve and ascending aorta, including lesions associated with Marfan syndrome. The Bentall procedure was first described in 1968 by Hugh Bentall and Antony De Bono. It is considered a standard for individuals who require aortic root replacement, and the vast majority of individuals who undergo the surgery receive mechanical valves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annuloaortic ectasia</span> Medical condition

Annuloaortic ectasia is characterized by pure aortic valve regurgitation and aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta. Men are more likely than women to develop idiopathic annuloaortic ectasia, which usually manifests in the fourth or sixth decades of life. Additional factors that contribute to this condition include osteogenesis imperfecta, inflammatory aortic diseases, intrinsic valve disease, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and operated congenital heart disease.

Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA), also known as Beals-Hecht syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant congenital connective tissue disorder. As with Marfan syndrome, people with CCA typically have an arm span that is greater than their height and very long fingers and toes. However, Beals and Hecht discovered in 1972 that, unlike Marfan's, CCA is caused by mutations to the fibrillin-2 (FBN2) gene rather than the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibrillin-1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Fibrillin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBN1 gene, located on chromosome 15. It is a large, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that serves as a structural component of 10-12 nm calcium-binding microfibrils. These microfibrils provide force bearing structural support in elastic and nonelastic connective tissue throughout the body. Mutations altering the protein can result in a variety of phenotypic effects differing widely in their severity, including fetal death, developmental problems, Marfan syndrome or in some cases Weill-Marchesani syndrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Familial aortic dissection</span> Medical condition

Familial aortic dissection or FAD refers to the splitting of the wall of the aorta in either the arch, ascending or descending portions. FAD is thought to be passed down as an autosomal dominant disease and once inherited will result in dissection of the aorta, and dissecting aneurysm of the aorta, or rarely aortic or arterial dilation at a young age. Dissection refers to the actual tearing open of the aorta. However, the exact gene(s) involved has not yet been identified. It can occur in the absence of clinical features of Marfan syndrome and of systemic hypertension. Over time this weakness, along with systolic pressure, results in a tear in the aortic intima layer thus allowing blood to enter between the layers of tissue and cause further tearing. Eventually complete rupture of the aorta occurs and the pleural cavity fills with blood. Warning signs include chest pain, ischemia, and hemorrhaging in the chest cavity. This condition, unless found and treated early, usually results in death. Immediate surgery is the best treatment in most cases. FAD is not to be confused with PAU and IMH, both of which present in ways similar to that of familial aortic dissection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudden cardiac death of athletes</span> Natural, unexpected death from cardiac arrest of athletes

It remains a difficult medical challenge to prevent the sudden cardiac death of athletes, typically defined as natural, unexpected death from cardiac arrest within one hour of the onset of collapse symptoms, excluding additional time on mechanical life support. Most causes relate to congenital or acquired cardiovascular disease with no symptoms noted before the fatal event. The prevalence of any single, associated condition is low, probably less than 0.3% of the population in the athletes' age group, and the sensitivity and specificity of common screening tests leave much to be desired. The single most important predictor is fainting or near-fainting during exercise, which should require detailed explanation and investigation. The victims include many well-known names, especially in professional association football, and close relatives are often at risk for similar cardiac problems.

Asprosin is a protein hormone produced by mammals in tissues that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood stream. Asprosin is encoded by the gene FBN1 as part of the protein profibrillin and is released from the C-terminus of the latter by specific proteolysis. In the liver, asprosin activates rapid glucose release via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection</span> Medical condition

Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection is a very rare vascular genetic disorder, it's characterized by recurrent thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections within a family, these mentioned complications affect one or more aortic segments without any other disease being associated with them. People with this disorder have a higher chance of having a potentially fatal aortic rupture. This disorder is the cause of 20% of thoracic aortic aneurysms

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "What Is Marfan Syndrome?". NHLBI, NIH. October 1, 2010. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  2. 1 2 "How Is Marfan Syndrome Diagnosed?". NHLBI, NIH. October 1, 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  3. 1 2 Marelli S, Micaglio E, Taurino J, Salvi P, Rurali E, Perrucci GL, Dolci C, Udugampolage NS, Caruso R, Gentilini D, Trifiro' G, Callus E, Frigiola A, De Vincentiis C, Pappone C, Parati G, Pini A (July 2023). "Marfan Syndrome: Enhanced Diagnostic Tools and Follow-up Management Strategies". Diagnostics. 13 (13): 2284. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13132284 . PMC   10340634 . PMID   37443678.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Marfan Syndrome". National Organization for Rare Disorders. 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "How Is Marfan Syndrome Treated?". NHLBI, NIH. October 1, 2010. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  6. Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB, et al. (July 2010). "The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome". Journal of Medical Genetics. 47 (7): 476–485. doi:10.1136/jmg.2009.072785. hdl: 1854/LU-1013955 . PMID   20591885. S2CID   13895128. Archived from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  7. Nistri S, De Cario R, Sticchi E, Spaziani G, Della Monica M, Giglio S, et al. (September 2021). "Differential Diagnosis between Marfan Syndrome and Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Type 4: A Novel Chromosomal Deletion Covering TGFB2". Genes. 12 (10): 1462. doi: 10.3390/genes12101462 . PMC   8536070 . PMID   34680857.
  8. "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Marfan Syndrome?". NHLBI, NIH. October 1, 2010. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 Keane MG, Pyeritz RE (May 2008). "Medical management of Marfan syndrome". Circulation. 117 (21): 2802–2813. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693523 . PMID   18506019. estimated prevalence of 1 case per 3000 to 5000 individuals
  10. 1 2 Marfan, Antoine (1896). "Un cas de déformation congénitale des quartre membres, plus prononcée aux extrémitiés, caractérisée par l'allongement des os avec un certain degré d'amincissement [A case of congenital deformation of the four limbs, more pronounced at the extremities, characterized by elongation of the bones with some degree of thinning]". Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Médicale des Hôpitaux de Paris (in French). 13 (3rd series): 220–226. OCLC   493643386. NAID   10014879958.
  11. 1 2 "Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan". Whonamedit?. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  12. "Lifelong drug therapy the key to coping with Marfan syndrome". South China Morning Post . 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  13. Zoabi A, Lavie G (19 November 2014). "Marfan syndrome and the thumb sign". QJM . 108 (6): 509. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcu224 . PMID   25411342. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  14. "Steinberg sign (Marfan disease)". Radiopaedia . Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  15. Van de Velde S, Fillman R, Yandow S (March 2006). "Protrusio acetabuli in Marfan syndrome. History, diagnosis, and treatment". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 88 (3): 639–646. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00567. PMID   16510833.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "OMIM Entry - # 154700 - MARFAN SYNDROME; MFS". omim.org. Archived from the original on 2019-09-08. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "About Marfan Syndrome". Genome.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  18. Liu Y, Liu Y, Wu M, Luo L, Zhang X, Cai X, Chen X (March 2004). "[Clinical applications of ultrasound biomicroscopy in diagnosis and treatment of lens subluxation]". [Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi] Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. 40 (3): 186–189. ISSN   0412-4081. PMID   15307991. Archived from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  19. "Aortic dissection - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  20. Zipes, Libby Bonow Braunwald (2005). Braunwald's Heart Disease ~ A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, Seventh Edition. United States of America: Elseview Saunders. p. 1894. ISBN   978-0-7216-0509-8.
  21. Mick SL, Keshavamurthy S, Gillinov AM (May 2015). "Mitral valve repair versus replacement". Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 4 (3): 230–237. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2225-319X.2015.03.01. ISSN   2225-319X. PMC   4533076 . PMID   26309824.
  22. Cerveri I, Corsico A (2012). "Pulmonary involvement in patients with Marfan syndrome". European Respiratory Journal . 40: 3124.
  23. Siepe M, Löffelbein F (June 2009). "[The Marfan syndrome and related connective tissue disorders]". Medizinische Monatsschrift Fur Pharmazeuten. 32 (6): 213–219. PMID   19554831.
  24. 1 2 Kohler M, Blair E, Risby P, Nickol AH, Wordsworth P, Forfar C, Stradling JR (February 2009). "The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea and its association with aortic dilatation in Marfan's syndrome". Thorax. 64 (2): 162–166. doi: 10.1136/thx.2008.102756 . PMID   18852161.
  25. Corsico AG, Grosso A, Tripon B, Albicini F, Gini E, Mazzetta A, et al. (June 2014). "Pulmonary involvement in patients with Marfan Syndrome". Panminerva Medica. 56 (2): 177–182. PMID   24994580. Archived from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  26. Dyhdalo K, Farver C (December 2011). "Pulmonary histologic changes in Marfan syndrome: a case series and literature review". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 136 (6): 857–863. doi: 10.1309/AJCP79SNDHGKQFIN . PMID   22095370.
  27. "Marfan Syndrome". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
  28. 1 2 Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Robbins SL, Kumar V (1998). Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders Company. ISBN   978-0-7216-7335-6.
  29. Judge DP, Biery NJ, Keene DR, Geubtner J, Myers L, Huso DL, et al. (July 2004). "Evidence for a critical contribution of haploinsufficiency in the complex pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 114 (2): 172–181. doi:10.1172/JCI20641. PMC   449744 . PMID   15254584.
  30. Judge DP, Dietz HC (December 2005). "Marfan's syndrome". Lancet. 366 (9501): 1965–1976. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67789-6. PMC   1513064 . PMID   16325700.
  31. von Kodolitsch Y, Robinson PN (June 2007). "Marfan syndrome: an update of genetics, medical and surgical management". Heart. 93 (6): 755–760. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.098798. ISSN   1355-6037. PMC   1955191 . PMID   17502658.
  32. McKusick VA (July 1991). "The defect in Marfan syndrome". Nature. 352 (6333): 279–281. Bibcode:1991Natur.352..279M. doi: 10.1038/352279a0 . PMID   1852198.
  33. Pereira L, Lee SY, Gayraud B, Andrikopoulos K, Shapiro SD, Bunton T, et al. (March 1999). "Pathogenetic sequence for aneurysm revealed in mice underexpressing fibrillin-1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (7): 3819–3823. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.3819P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3819 . PMC   22378 . PMID   10097121.
  34. Entrez Gene (2007). "TGFBR2 transforming growth factor, beta receptor II" (Entrez gene entry). NCBI. Archived from the original on January 13, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
  35. "Related Disorders: Loeys–Dietz". National Marfan Foundation. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
  36. "OMIM Entry - #616914 - MARFAN LIPODYSTROPHY SYNDROME; MFLS". omim.org. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
  37. Graul-Neumann LM, Kienitz T, Robinson PN, Baasanjav S, Karow B, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, et al. (November 2010). "Marfan syndrome with neonatal progeroid syndrome-like lipodystrophy associated with a novel frameshift mutation at the 3' terminus of the FBN1-gene". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 152A (11): 2749–2755. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.33690. PMID   20979188. S2CID   26408208.
  38. Jacquinet A, Verloes A, Callewaert B, Coremans C, Coucke P, de Paepe A, et al. (April 2014). "Neonatal progeroid variant of Marfan syndrome with congenital lipodystrophy results from mutations at the 3' end of FBN1 gene". European Journal of Medical Genetics. 57 (5): 230–234. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.02.012. PMID   24613577.
  39. Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, Constable P, Jain M, Xia F, et al. (April 2016). "Asprosin, a Fasting-Induced Glucogenic Protein Hormone". Cell. 165 (3): 566–579. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.063. PMC   4852710 . PMID   27087445.
  40. De Paepe A, Devereux RB, Dietz HC, Hennekam RC, Pyeritz RE (April 1996). "Revised diagnostic criteria for the Marfan syndrome". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 62 (4): 417–426. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960424)62:4<417::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-R. PMID   8723076.
  41. 1 2 3 4 "Marfan Syndrome | Testing and Diagnosis | Boston Children's Hospital". www.childrenshospital.org. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  42. 1 2 "Marfan Syndrome". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  43. Finkbohner R, Johnston D, Crawford ES, Coselli J, Milewicz DM (February 1995). "Marfan syndrome. Long-term survival and complications after aortic aneurysm repair". Circulation. 91 (3): 728–733. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.91.3.728. PMID   7828300.
  44. "Marfan Syndrome: Signs and Symptoms". www.ucsfhealth.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  45. "What is Marfan Syndrome?". Marfan Trust. Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
  46. "Marfan Syndrome: The Similarities to Copper Deficiency". www.ctds.info. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  47. 1 2 3 MedlinePlus Encyclopedia : Marfan syndrome
  48. "Marfan syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Institute of Health. Archived from the original on 2009-08-29. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  49. Fitzgibbons RJ, Forse RA (February 2015). "Clinical practice. Groin hernias in adults". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (8): 756–763. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1404068. PMID   25693015.
  50. Kohlmeier L, Gasner C, Bachrach LK, Marcus R (October 1995). "The bone mineral status of patients with Marfan syndrome". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 10 (10): 1550–1555. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650101017. PMID   8686512. S2CID   23492402.
  51. Northwestern Memorial Center for Heart Valve Disease. Marfan syndrome Archived 2012-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  52. "Pneumothorax". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  53. "Retinal Detachment". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 21 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  54. "Scoliosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  55. 1 2 "About Marfan Syndrome: Features". National Marfan Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  56. "Living with Marfan Syndrome: Dental issues". National Marfan Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  57. "2010 Revised Ghent Nosology". National Marfan Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  58. Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB, et al. (July 2010). "The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome" (PDF). Journal of Medical Genetics. 47 (7): 476–485. doi:10.1136/jmg.2009.072785. hdl: 1854/LU-1013955 . OCLC   857424767. PMID   20591885. S2CID   13895128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2016.
  59. Julia A. McMillan, Ralph D. Feigin, Catherine DeAngelis, M. Douglas Jones. Oski's Pediatrics: Principles & Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006
  60. Rimoin DL, Connor JM, Pyeritz RE, et al. (2007). Emery and RImoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
  61. Greally MT (2010). "Shprintzen-Goldberg". In Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, et al. (eds.). GeneReviews™ [Internet] (1993–). Seattle WA: University of Washington, Seattle. PMID   20301454. NBK1277. Archived from the original on 2021-05-30. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
  62. "Questions and Answers about Marfan Syndrome". Niams.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  63. Foundation TM (2013-09-02). "Common Blood Pressure Drug Reduces Aortic Enlargement in Marfan Syndrome". Marfan Foundation. Archived from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  64. Maron BJ, Chaitman BR, Ackerman MJ, Bayés de Luna A, Corrado D, Crosson JE, et al. (June 2004). "Recommendations for physical activity and recreational sports participation for young patients with genetic cardiovascular diseases". Circulation. 109 (22): 2807–2816. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000128363.85581.e1 . OCLC   110943757. PMID   15184297.
  65. "Marfan Syndrome and How Sports Science is Saving Lives". Archived from the original on 2022-08-26. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  66. "Elective Aortic Root Surgery in Marfan Syndrome Appears Safe and Durable: Presented at STS" (Press release). Doctor's Guide. January 31, 2008. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
    See also:
  67. "Heart Surgery for Marfan Syndrome". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on December 18, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
  68. Zarogoulidis P, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Porpodis K, Lampaki S, Papaiwannou A, Katsikogiannis N, Zaric B, Branislav P, Secen N, Dryllis G, Machairiotis N, Rapti A, Zarogoulidis K (October 2014). "Pneumothorax: from definition to diagnosis and treatment". Journal of Thoracic Disease . 6 (Suppl 4): S372–S376. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.09.24. ISSN   2072-1439. PMC   4203989 . PMID   25337391.
  69. Treasure T, Petrou M, Rosendahl U, Austin C, Rega F, Pirk J, Pepper J (September 2016). "Personalized external aortic root support: a review of the current status". European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 50 (3): 400–404. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw078 . PMID   27032474.
  70. Treasure T, Golesworthy T, Pepper J (September 2017). "Practical clinical applications of 3-D printing in cardiovascular surgery". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 9 (9): 2792–2797. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.08.63 . PMC   5708385 . PMID   29221242.
  71. Nemec P, Pepper J, Fila P (September 2020). "Personalized external aortic root support". Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 31 (3): 342–345. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivaa111 . PMID   32761056.
  72. Haskett D, Doyle JJ, Gard C, Chen H, Ball C, Estabrook MA, et al. (January 2012). "Altered tissue behavior of a non-aneurysmal descending thoracic aorta in the mouse model of Marfan syndrome". Cell and Tissue Research. 347 (1): 267–277. doi:10.1007/s00441-011-1270-y. PMID   22105919. S2CID   14333291. Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  73. Harton GL, Tsipouras P, Sisson ME, Starr KM, Mahoney BS, Fugger EF, et al. (September 1996). "Preimplantation genetic testing for Marfan syndrome". Molecular Human Reproduction. 2 (9): 713–715. doi: 10.1093/molehr/2.9.713 . PMID   9239687.
  74. Keane MG, Pyeritz RE (May 2008). "Medical management of Marfan syndrome". Circulation. 117 (21): 2802–2813. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693523 . PMID   18506019.
  75. Fusar-Poli P, Klersy C, Stramesi F, Callegari A, Arbustini E, Politi P (May 2008). "Determinants of quality of life in Marfan syndrome". Psychosomatics. 49 (3): 243–248. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.49.3.243 . PMID   18448780.
  76. Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Marfan Center. Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved on January 6, 2009.
  77. Brown P (July 27, 1991). "Marfan syndrome linked to gene". Archived 2015-01-29 at the Wayback Machine New Scientist. Retrieved on August 11, 2008.
  78. "Isaiah Austin: Doctors have cleared my return". December 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  79. Cooper K (May 27, 2019). "Javier Botet: Meet the actor behind Hollywood's monsters". BBC News. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
  80. Trendell A (December 1, 2016). "Of Mice and Men's Austin Carlile's devastating message to fans: 'I won't get better'". NME . Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
  81. "As His Recent Bizarre Behaviour Shows, Deerhunter's Bradford Cox Hasn't Mellowed – and That's Why We Need Him". NME . 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  82. "Remember Euell Gibbons, the man who would eat a pine tree on TV?". Metv.com. 2021-08-13. Archived from the original on 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  83. "Euell Gibbons – Wild Food Adventures". Wildfoodadventures.com. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-03-19. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  84. 1 2 "Is it a genetic flaw that makes Phelps the greatest?". 16 August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  85. "NBA prospect Jeanne diagnosed with Marfan syndrome". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  86. Schiavelli V (1996). "Special Editorial Living with the syndrome". Ophthalmic Genetics. 17 (1): 1–2. doi: 10.3109/13816819609057862 . PMID   8740691.
  87. Scholtz S, Becker M, MacMorris L, Langenbucher A (2023). "Marfan. Spider Fingers and Near- Sightedness". Curiosities in Medicine. pp. 199–201. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14002-0_54. ISBN   978-3-031-14001-3.
  88. "Troye Sivan fires back at body-shaming Twitter post". PopBuzz. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
  89. "Health | Sir John Tavener". Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  90. "In Good Company". Marfan Trust. Archived from the original on 2023-08-20. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  91. MacDonald J (2012). "Psychiatry rocks – psychiatry in music". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 200 (6): 253. Archived from the original on 2023-12-13. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
  92. Rushton AR (2013). "Diagnosing the dead: the retrospective analysis of genetic diseases". J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 43 (1): 11–4. doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2013.103 . PMID   23516684.
  93. Lorenz 2010.
  94. Reeves 2019, pp. 154–155.
  95. Montserrat 2003.
  96. "Osama bin Laden Health Rumors: Fact or Fiction?". ABC News . Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  97. "New life for an old rumor: Was bin Laden 'Marfanoid'?". NBC News . 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  98. Connell D (2 September 2006). "Retrospective blues: Robert Johnson—an open letter to Eric Clapton". BMJ. 333 (7566): 489. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7566.489. PMC   1557967 .
  99. "Tick, Tick… Boom! On Netflix Continues the Legacy of Jonathan Larson". 11 November 2021. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  100. Sotos JG (July 2012). "Abraham Lincoln's marfanoid mother: the earliest known case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B?". Clin Dysmorphol. 21 (3): 131–136. doi:10.1097/MCD.0b013e328353ae0c. PMID   22504423. S2CID   26805372.
  101. "Did Abraham Lincoln Have Marfan Syndrome? – Clinical Correlations". Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  102. Wolf P (November 2001). "Creativity and chronic disease. Niccolo Paganini (1782-1840)". The Western Journal of Medicine. 175 (5): 345. doi:10.1136/ewjm.175.5.345. PMC   1071620 . PMID   11694491.
  103. Wolf P (November 2001). "Creativity and chronic disease. Sergei Rachmaninov (1873-1943)". West J Med. 175 (5): 354. doi:10.1136/ewjm.175.5.354. PMC   1071626 . PMID   11694497.
  104. Braun E (February 2008). "[Sergie Rachmaninov: did he suffer from Marfan's syndrome?]". Harefuah (in Hebrew). 147 (2): 170–1. PMID   18357679.
  105. Young DA (1986). "Rachmaninov and Marfan's syndrome". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 293 (6562): 1624–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.293.6562.1624. PMC   1351877 . PMID   3101945.
  106. Ramachandran M, Aronson JK (October 2006). "The diagnosis of art: Rachmaninov's hand span". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (10): 529–530. doi:10.1177/014107680609901015. PMC   1592053 . PMID   17066567.
  107. Hawass Z, Gad YZ, Ismail S, Khairat R, Fathalla D, Hasan N, et al. (February 2010). "Ancestry and pathology in King Tutankhamun's family". JAMA. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID   20159872.
  108. "Egypt's King Tut born of incestuous marriage: Tests". Reuters. 17 February 2010. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  109. "How Did King Tut Die?". 10 August 2023. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.