This photo shows two persons with Meier-Gorlin syndrome, who have typical facial features of this syndrome, such as hooked nose, microtia, retro-/micrognathia, a small mouth with full lips.
Patellar and microtia are present in almost all patients, the severity of microtia can range from mild to severe, and ears can appear underdeveloped and low-set. Also, microtia can be accompanied by stenosis of the external auditory canal and conduction deafness, and patellas are absent in most patients, but in some cases, patellas might be hypoplastic.[6][7] Most of the patients had IUGR (Intrauterine growth restriction) and consequently had delayed growth after birth, and growth velocity was nearly normal after.[3] Another most common feature is microcephaly.[3]
Most of the patients have normal intellectual functioning; some of the patients had developmental delays without intellectual disability; only one had mild intellectual disabilities.[6][7]
MGORS can be suspected by having one of the classic signs (such as microtia) and it can be confirmed by genetic testing.[8]
Cause
MGORS is a heterogenous disorder (which means that different gene mutations cause the same disorder), and MGS can be caused by mutation in these genes:[11][12]
In case of MGORS, these proteins usually lose their function, which impairs the rate of the cell cycle and causes growth restriction.[18]GMNN mutations are autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations, which cause hyperactivation of the protein, and it inhibits replication much longer through CDT1 destruction.[19]
According to one study, some proteins (which mutations are linked to MGORS) have non-canonical function, such as ORC6 stimulates separation of two daughter cells during cytokinesis and it also participates in MMR during DNA replication. Also, CDT1 stabilizes kinetochore-microtubule interactions during M phase. ORC1 regulates centrosome and centriole replication through two separate domain interaction.[18]
Treatment
This illustration shows normal alveoli and alveoli with emphysema.
Although Meier-Gorlin syndrome has no cure, it can be managed. Mainly management is focused on growth retardation, hearing loss, floating kneecap, feeding issues, gonarthrosis, pain in the knee, and pulmonary problems due to congenitalpulmonary emphysema with or without bronchomalacia or laryngomalacia.[6]
↑ Meier, Z.; Poschiavo, null; Rothschild, M. (1959-06-14). "[Case of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with mandibulofacial dysostosis (Franceschetti syndrome)]". Helvetica Paediatrica Acta. 14 (2): 213–216. ISSN0018-022X. PMID13672525.
↑ Gorlin, R. J.; Cervenka, J.; Moller, K.; Horrobin, M.; Witkop, C. J. (1975). "Malformation syndromes. A selected miscellany". Birth Defects Original Article Series. 11 (2): 39–50. ISSN0547-6844. PMID819054.
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