Hypermobility (joints)

Hypermobility
Other names	hyperlaxity, benign joints hypermobility syndrome (BJHS), hypermobility syndrome (HMS) [1]
Hypermobile fingers and thumb
Specialty	Rheumatology, Medical genetics

Hypermobility, also known as double-jointedness, describes joints that stretch farther than normal. ^[2] For example, some hypermobile people can bend their thumbs backwards to their wrists and bend their knee joints backwards, put their leg behind the head or perform other contortionist "tricks". It can affect one or more joints throughout the body.

Hypermobile joints are common and occur in about 10 to 25% of the population, ^[3] but in a minority of people, pain and other symptoms are present. This may be a sign of hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD). Hypermobile joints are a feature of genetic connective tissue disorders such as hypermobility spectrum disorder or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS). Until new diagnostic criteria were introduced, hypermobility syndrome was sometimes considered identical to hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS), formerly called EDS Type 3. As no genetic test can distinguish the two conditions and because of the similarity of the diagnostic criteria and recommended treatments, many experts recommend they be recognized as the same condition until further research is undertaken. ^{[4] [5]}

In 2016 the diagnostic criteria for hEDS were re-written to be more restrictive, with the intent of narrowing the pool of hEDS patients in the hope of making it easier to identify a common genetic mutation, hEDS being the only EDS variant without a diagnostic DNA test. At the same time, joint hypermobility syndrome was renamed as hypermobility spectrum disorder and redefined as a hypermobility disorder that does not meet the diagnostic criteria for hEDS, other types of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome, or other heritable Connective Tissue Disorder (such as Marfan's, Loeys–Dietz, or osteogenesis imperfecta).

Signs and symptoms

People with joint hypermobility may develop other conditions caused by their unstable joints. ^{[6] [7]} These conditions include:

• Subluxations or dislocations, especially in the shoulder
• Joint instability causing frequent sprains, tendinitis, or bursitis when doing activities that would not affect others. However, a 2018 study reports that while hypermobile individuals are more likely to suffer dislocations doing sports, they are less likely to suffer muscle and tendon sprains. The overall chances of sports injury are not significantly different. ^[8]
• Joint pain
• Early-onset osteoarthritis (as early as during teen years)
• Fatigue, even after short periods of exercise
• Back pain, prolapsed discs or spondylolisthesis
• Joints that make clicking noises (also a symptom of osteoarthritis)
• Susceptibility to whiplash
• Temporomandibular joint dysfunction, also known as TMD
• Increased nerve compression disorders (such as carpal tunnel syndrome)
• The ability of finger locking^{[ definition needed ]}
• Poor response to local anaesthetic (especially in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome ^[9] ) or pain medication ^{[ citation needed ]}
• "Growing pains" as described in children in late afternoon or night

Associated conditions

Those with hypermobile joints are more likely to have ADHD, autism, dyspraxia, fibromyalgia, hereditary connective tissue disorders, mitral valve prolapse, and anxiety disorders such as panic disorder. ^{[10] [11] [12] [3] [13]}

Causes

Hypermobile thumbs

A hypermobile thumb (also called Hitchhiker's thumb)

Hypermobility generally results from one or more of the following:

• Abnormally shaped ends of one or more bones at a joint or increased angle of the bone such as in coxa valga
• A mutation in collagen or collagen-related genes (as found in certain types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) or other connective tissue (as found in Loeys–Dietz syndrome and Marfan syndrome) resulting in weakened ligaments/ligamentous laxity, muscles and tendons. Type 1 collagen defects may also result in weakened bones, which may result in osteoporosis and fractures, as seen in osteogenesis imperfecta, a genetic disorder which also commonly involves joint hypermobility
• Abnormal joint proprioception (an impaired ability to locate body parts in space and/or monitor an extended joint)

These abnormalities cause abnormal joint stress, meaning that the joints can wear out, leading to osteoarthritis.

The condition tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic basis for at least some forms of hypermobility. The term double jointed is often used to describe hypermobility; however, the name is a misnomer and should not be taken literally, as hypermobile joints are not doubled/extra in any sense.

Most people have hypermobility with no other symptoms. Approximately 5% of the healthy population have one or more hypermobile joints. However, people with symptomatic hypermobility are subject to many difficulties. For example, their joints may be easily injured, be more prone to complete or partial dislocation due to the weakly stabilized joint and they may develop problems from muscle fatigue (as muscles must work harder to compensate for weakness in the ligaments that support the joints). Hypermobility syndromes can lead to chronic pain or even disability in severe cases. Musical instrumentalists with hypermobile fingers may have difficulties when fingers collapse into the finger locking position. Or, conversely, they may display superior abilities due to their increased range of motion for fingering, such as in playing a violin or cello.^{[ citation needed ]}

Hypermobility may be symptomatic of a serious medical condition, such as Stickler syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, ^[14] Marfan syndrome, ^[14] Loeys–Dietz syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, osteogenesis imperfecta, ^[14] lupus, polio, Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, ^[14] Morquio syndrome, cleidocranial dysostosis or myotonia congenita.

Hypermobility has been associated with myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome) and fibromyalgia. Hypermobility causes physical trauma (in the form of joint dislocations, joint subluxations, joint instability, sprains, etc.). These conditions often, in turn, cause physical and/or emotional trauma and are possible triggers for conditions such as fibromyalgia. ^[15]

People with hypermobility may experience particular difficulties when pregnant. During pregnancy, the body releases relaxin and certain hormones that alter ligament physiology, easing the stretching needed to accommodate fetal growth as well as the birthing process. The combination of hypermobility and pregnancy-related pelvic girdle during pregnancy can be debilitating. The pregnant person with hypermobile joints will often be in significant pain as muscles and joints adapt to the pregnancy. Pain often inhibits such people from standing or walking during pregnancy. Some pregnant people who have one of these disorders find they need to use a bedpan and/or a wheelchair during pregnancy. Some may experience permanent disability.^{[ citation needed ]}

Syndromes

Hypermobile metacarpo-phalangeal joints

Hyperextension of the thumb

Hyperextension of the hand

Hypermobility syndrome is generally considered to comprise hypermobility together with other symptoms, such as myalgia and arthralgia. It is relatively common among children and affects more females than males.

Current thinking suggests four causative factors:

• The shape of the ends of the bones—Some joints normally have a large range of movement, such as the shoulder and hip. Both are ball-and-socket joints. If a shallow rather than a deep socket is inherited, a relatively large range of movement will be possible. If the socket is particularly shallow, then the joint may dislocate easily.
• Protein deficiency or hormone problems—Ligaments are made up of several types of protein fibre. These proteins include elastin, which gives elasticity and which may be altered in some people. Female sex hormones alter collagen proteins. Women are generally more supple just before a period and even more so in the latter stages of pregnancy, because of a hormone called relaxin that allows the pelvis to expand so the head of the baby can pass.
• Muscle tone—The tone of muscles is controlled by the nervous system, and influences range of movement. Special techniques can change muscle tone and increase flexibility. Yoga, for example, can help to relax muscles and make the joints more supple. However, yoga is not recommended by most medical professionals for people with Joint Hypermobility Syndrome, due to the likelihood of damage to the joints.^{[ citation needed ]} Gymnasts and athletes can sometimes acquire hypermobility in some joints through activity.
• Proprioception—Compromised ability to detect exact joint/body position with closed eyes, may lead to overstretching and hypermobile joints. ^[16]

Hypermobility can also be caused by connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) and Marfan syndrome. Joint hypermobility is a common symptom for both. EDS has numerous sub-types; most include hypermobility in some degree. When hypermobility is the main symptom, then EDS/hypermobility type is likely.^{[ citation needed ]} People with EDS-HT experience frequent joint dislocations and subluxations (partial/incomplete dislocations), with or without trauma, sometimes spontaneously. Commonly, hypermobility is dismissed by medical professionals as nonsignificant. ^[17]

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type

Joint hypermobility is often correlated with hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS, known also by EDS type III or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type (EDS-HT)). Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by mutations or hereditary genes, but the genetic defect that produced hEDS is largely unknown. In conjunction with joint hypermobility, a common symptom for hEDS is smooth, velvety, and stretchy skin; a symptom largely unique to the syndrome. When diagnosing hEDS, the Beighton Criteria are used, but are not always able to distinguish between generalized hypermobility and hEDS. ^[18]

Ehlers–Danlos hypermobility type can have severe musculoskeletal effects, including:

• Jaw laxity that may make an individual's jaw open and close like a hinge, as well as open further than the average.
• Neck pain that can lead to chronic headaches and is usually associated with a crackling or grinding sensation (crepitus).
• The spine may end up in a "round back" or inversely may extend too much into hyperlordosis. Individuals may also experience scoliosis.
• Joints commonly associated with hypermobility (wrists, knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders) may be at more severe risk to dislocate or strain.

Diagnosis

Joint hypermobility syndrome shares symptoms with other conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Experts in connective tissue disorders formally agreed that severe forms of Hypermobility Syndrome and mild forms of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type are the same disorder.^{[ citation needed ]}

Generalized hypermobility is a common feature in all these hereditary connective tissue disorders and many features overlap, but often features are present that enable differentiating these disorders. ^[19] The inheritance pattern of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome varies by type. The arthrochalasia, classic, hypermobility and vascular forms usually have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance occurs when one copy of a gene in each cell is sufficient to cause a disorder. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new (sporadic) gene mutations. Such cases can occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.

The dermatosparaxis and kyphoscoliosis types of EDS and some cases of the classic and hypermobility forms, are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. In autosomal recessive inheritance, two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, both parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.

Beighton criteria

Beighton score criteria: one point for each elbow and knee that hyperextends by 10 degrees or more (4 points), one for each little finger that bends back by 90 degrees (2 points), one for each thumb which can be touched to the forearm (2 points), and one for touching the floor with the palms.

As of July 2000, hypermobility was diagnosed using the Beighton criteria. In 2017, the criteria changed, but still involve the Beighton score. ^[21] The Beighton criteria do not replace the Beighton score but instead use the previous score in conjunction with other symptoms and criteria. HMS is diagnosed in the presence of either two major criteria, one major and two minor criteria, or four minor criteria. The criteria are:

Major criteria

• A Beighton score of 5/9 or more (either current or historic)
• Arthralgia for more than three months in four or more joints

Minor criteria

• A Beighton score of 1, 2 or 3/9 (0, 1, 2 or 3 if aged 50+)
• Arthralgia (> 3 months) in one to three joints or back pain (> 3 months), spondylosis, spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis.
• Dislocation/subluxation in more than one joint, or in one joint on more than one occasion.
• Soft tissue rheumatism. > 3 lesions (e.g. epicondylitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis).
• Marfanoid habitus (tall, slim, span/height ratio >1.03, upper: lower segment ratio less than 0.89, arachnodactyly; positive Steinberg finger / Walker wrist signs).
• Abnormal skin: striae, hyperextensibility, thin skin, papyraceous scarring.

Beighton score

The Beighton score is an edited version of the Carter/Wilkinson scoring system which was used for many years as an indicator of widespread hyper-mobility. Medical professionals varied in their interpretations of the results; some accepting as low as 1/9 and some 4/9 as a diagnosis of HMS. Therefore, it was incorporated, with clearer guidelines, into the Beighton Criteria. The Beighton score is measured by adding 1 point for each of the following:

• Placing flat hands on the floor with straight legs
• Left knee bending backward
• Right knee bending backward
• Left elbow bending backward
• Right elbow bending backward
• Left thumb touching the forearm
• Right thumb touching the forearm
• Left little finger bending backward past 90 degrees
• Right little finger bending backward past 90 degrees

Beighton test in a person with a 9/9 score

The Beighton score has been widely used among athletes for screening purposes. It does not appear to be a valid scale when used for this purpose: there exists a statistically significant correlation between the score and the athelete's passive shoulder and hip ranges of motion, but the difference is small enough to be buried by measurement error. ^[22]

Treatments

Physical therapy

It is important that hypermobile individuals remain fit – even more so than the average individual – to prevent recurrent injuries. Regular exercise and exercise that is supervised by a physician and physical therapist can reduce symptoms because strong muscles increase dynamic joint stability. Low-impact exercise such as closed kinetic chain exercises are usually recommended as they are less likely to cause injury when compared to high-impact exercise or contact sports.

Heat and cold treatment can help temporarily to relieve the pain of aching joints and muscles but does not address the underlying problems.

Medication

Medication is not the primary treatment for hypermobility, but can be used as an adjunct treatment for related joint pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the primary medications of choice. Narcotics are not recommended for primary or long-term treatment and are reserved for short-term use after acute injury.

Lifestyle modification

For some people with hypermobility, lifestyle changes decrease symptom severity. In general, activity that increases pain is to be avoided. For example:

• Avoiding hyperextension
  • Typing can reduce pain from writing.
  • Voice control software or a more ergonomic keyboard can reduce pain from typing.
  • Bent knees or sitting can reduce pain from standing.
• Strength training to support weak joints with strong muscles
  • Weakened ligaments and muscles contribute to poor posture, which may contribute to other medical conditions.
  • Isometric exercise avoids hyperextension and contributes to strength.
  • Unwanted symptoms are frequently reduced by some forms of yoga
• Low-impact sports
  • Use of low impact elliptical trainer machines can replace high-impact running.
  • Pain-free swimming may require a kickboard or extra care to avoid hyperextending elbow and other joints.
  • Bike riding, especially on ergonomic recumbents.

Other treatments

• Bracing can be helpful for temporarily protecting unstable joints.
• Physical therapy

Epidemiology

Hypermobile joints occur in about 10 to 25% of the population. ^[3]

See also

• Ligamentous laxity

References

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20. File:Hiperlaxitud.jpg
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External links

• Eccles, Jessica A.; Cadar, Dorina; Quadt, Lisa; Hakim, Alan J.; Gall, Nicholas; Bowyer, Vicky; Cheetham, Nathan; Steves, Claire J.; Critchley, Hugo D.; Davies, Kevin A. (2024). "Is joint hypermobility linked to self-reported non-recovery from COVID-19? Case–control evidence from the British COVID Symptom Study Biobank". BMJ Public Health. 2: e000478. doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000478.