Enophthalmos

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Enophthalmos
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Enophthalmos is a posterior displacement of the eyeball within the orbit. It is due to either enlargement of the bony orbit and/or reduction of the orbital content, this in relation to each other. [1]

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It should not be confused with its opposite, exophthalmos, which is the anterior displacement of the eye.

It may be a congenital anomaly, or be acquired as a result of trauma (such as in a blowout fracture of the orbit), [2] Horner's syndrome (apparent enophthalmos due to ptosis), [3] Marfan syndrome, Duane's syndrome, silent sinus syndrome or phthisis bulbi. [4] [5] [6]

References

  1. ↑ Soparker, Charles N.S. (2008), "Enophthalmos 376.50", Roy and Fraunfelder's Current Ocular Therapy, Elsevier, pp. 593–594, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-2447-7.50325-x, ISBN   978-1-4160-2447-7
  2. ↑ Grall, Patrick; Schlund, Matthias; De Massary, Mathilde; Nicot, Romain (September 2023). "Post-traumatic enophthalmos: Is it only about bone?". Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 124 (4) 101435. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101435. PMID   36907511.
  3. ↑ Lepore, F. E. (1 July 1983). "Enophthalmos and Horner's Syndrome". Archives of Neurology. 40 (7). American Medical Association Journal of Neurology: 460. doi:10.1001/archneur.1983.04050070090034. ISSN   2168-6157. PMID   6860195.
  4. ↑ Ting, Beverlie L.; Mathur, Deepti; Loeys, Bart L.; Dietz, Harry C.; Sponseller, Paul D. (December 2010). "The diagnostic value of the facial features of Marfan syndrome". Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 4 (6). European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society (EPOS): 545–551. doi:10.1007/s11832-010-0295-1. ISSN   1863-2548. PMC   2981714 . PMID   22132032.
  5. ↑ Pagnoni, Mario; Marenco, Marco; Bartoli, Davina; Terenzi, Valentina; Cassoni, Andrea; Valentini, Valentino; Fadda, Maria Teresa; Iannetti, Giorgio (March 2013). "Surgical Management of Enophthalmos in Duane Syndrome". Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 24 (2). Mutaz B. Habal, MD: 518–519. doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e318280221d. ISSN   1536-3732. PMID   23524730.
  6. ↑ Annino, Donald J; Goguen, Laura A (February 2008). "Silent sinus syndrome". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery. 16 (1). Harvard Medical School: 22–25. doi:10.1097/MOO.0b013e3282f2c9aa. PMID   18197017.

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