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Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that result in damage to the optic nerve and cause vision loss. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, in which the drainage angle for fluid within the eye remains open, with less common types including closed-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly over time and there is no pain. Peripheral vision may begin to decrease, followed by central vision, resulting in blindness if not treated. Closed-angle glaucoma can present gradually or suddenly. The sudden presentation may involve severe eye pain, blurred vision, mid-dilated pupil, redness of the eye, and nausea. Vision loss from glaucoma, once it has occurred, is permanent. Eyes affected by glaucoma are referred to as being glaucomatous.
The aqueous humour is a transparent water-like fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary body, a structure supporting the lens of the eyeball. It fills both the anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye, and is not to be confused with the vitreous humour, which is located in the space between the lens and the retina, also known as the posterior cavity or vitreous chamber. Blood cannot normally enter the eyeball.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye. Tonometry is the method eye care professionals use to determine this. IOP is an important aspect in the evaluation of patients at risk of glaucoma. Most tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Latanoprost, sold under the brand name Xalatan among others, is a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye. This includes ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma. It is applied as eye drops to the eyes. Onset of effects is usually within four hours, and they last for up to a day.
Ocular hypertension is the presence of elevated fluid pressure inside the eye, usually with no optic nerve damage or visual field loss.
Phthisis bulbi is a shrunken, non-functional eye. It may result from severe eye disease, inflammation or injury, or it may represent a complication of eye surgery. Treatment options include insertion of a prosthesis, which may be preceded by enucleation of the eye.
A glaucoma valve is a medical shunt used in the treatment of glaucoma to reduce the eye's intraocular pressure (IOP).
Iridodialysis is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body.
Blurred vision is an ocular symptom where vision becomes less precise and there is added difficulty to resolve fine details.
Brimonidine/timolol, sold under the brand name Combigan among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication eye drop used for the treatment of glaucoma. It is a combination of brimonidine and timolol.
Primary juvenile glaucoma is glaucoma that develops due to ocular hypertension and is evident either at birth or within the first few years of life. It is caused due to abnormalities in the anterior chamber angle development that obstruct aqueous outflow in the absence of systemic anomalies or other ocular malformation.
Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is the latest advance in surgical treatment for glaucoma, which aims to reduce intraocular pressure by either increasing outflow of aqueous humor or reducing its production. MIGS comprises a group of surgical procedures which share common features. MIGS procedures involve a minimally invasive approach, often with small cuts or micro-incisions through the cornea that causes the least amount of trauma to surrounding scleral and conjunctival tissues. The techniques minimize tissue scarring, allowing for the possibility of traditional glaucoma procedures such as trabeculectomy or glaucoma valve implantation to be performed in the future if needed.
Phacolytic glaucoma (PG) is a form of glaucoma which is caused due to a leaking mature or immature cataract. Inflammatory glaucoma which occurs in phacolysis is a condition which is a result of the leakage of protein within the lens into the capsule of a mature or hyper mature cataract and involves a simple procedure to be cured that is referred to as cataract extraction.
Secondary glaucoma is a collection of progressive optic nerve disorders associated with a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) which results in the loss of vision. In clinical settings, it is defined as the occurrence of IOP above 21 mmHg requiring the prescription of IOP-managing drugs. It can be broadly divided into two subtypes: secondary open-angle glaucoma and secondary angle-closure glaucoma, depending on the closure of the angle between the cornea and the iris. Principal causes of secondary glaucoma include optic nerve trauma or damage, eye disease, surgery, neovascularization, tumours and use of steroid and sulfa drugs. Risk factors for secondary glaucoma include uveitis, cataract surgery and also intraocular tumours. Common treatments are designed according to the type and the underlying causative condition, in addition to the consequent rise in IOP. These include drug therapy, the use of miotics, surgery or laser therapy.
Schwartz–Matsuo syndrome is a human eye disease characterised by rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and open angle of anterior chamber.
Posner–Schlossman syndrome (PSS) also known as glaucomatocyclitic crisis (GCC) is a rare acute ocular condition with unilateral attacks of mild granulomatous anterior uveitis and elevated intraocular pressure. It is sometimes considered as a secondary inflammatory glaucoma.
Ghost cell glaucoma (GCG) is a type of secondary glaucoma occurs due to long standing vitreous hemorrhage. The rigid and less pliable degenerated red blood cells block the trabecular meshwork and increase the pressure inside eyes.
Uveitic glaucoma is most commonly a progression stage of noninfectious anterior uveitis or iritis.
Cyclodestruction or cycloablation is a surgical procedure done in management of glaucoma. Cyclodestruction reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) of the eye by decreasing production of aqueous humor by the destruction of ciliary body. Until the development of safer and less destructive techniques like micropulse diode cyclophotocoagulation and endocyclophotocoagulation, cyclodestructive surgeries were mainly done in refractory glaucoma, or advanced glaucomatous eyes with poor visual prognosis.
Hypotony maculopathy is maculopathy due to very low intraocular pressure known as ocular hypotony. Maculopathy occurs either due to increased outflow of aqueous humor through angle of anterior chamber or less commonly, due to decreased aqueous humor secretion by ciliary body.
References
- ↑ "Eye Pressure". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 19 January 2018.
- 1 2 N.Y, Valerie Trubnik, MD, FACS, Mineola. "Managing Hypotony After Trabeculectomy". www.reviewofophthalmology.com.
- 1 2 Schmack, Ingo; Völcker, Hans E; Grossniklaus, Hans E (1 January 2010). "Chapter 54 - Phthisis bulbi". Ocular Disease. W.B. Saunders. pp. 415–423. ISBN 978-0-7020-2983-7.
- ↑ Thomas, Merina; Vajaranant, Thasarat S.; Aref, Ahmad A. (December 2015). "Hypotony Maculopathy: Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Methods". Ophthalmology and Therapy. 4 (2): 79–88. doi:10.1007/s40123-015-0037-z. ISSN 2193-8245. PMC 4675727 . PMID 26253854.
- ↑ "Ocular Hypotony: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 19 July 2021.
- 1 2 3 Fine, Howard F.; Biscette, O'neil; Chang, Stanley; Schiff, William M. (January 2007). "Ocular hypotony: a review". Comprehensive Ophthalmology Update. 8 (1): 29–37. ISSN 1527-7313. PMID 17394757.
- ↑ "Hypotony Maculopathy - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org.
- ↑ Küçükerdönmez, C.; Beutel, J.; Bartz-Schmidt, K. U.; Gelisken, F. (1 February 2009). "Treatment of chronic ocular hypotony with intraocular application of sodium hyaluronate". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 93 (2): 235–239. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.143834. ISSN 0007-1161. PMID 18829633. S2CID 36520175.