Pinguecula

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Pinguecula
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A pinguecula is a common type of conjunctival stromal degeneration in the eye. It appears as an elevated yellow-white plaque in the bulbar conjunctiva near the limbus. [1] Calcification may also seen occasionally. [1]

Contents

Etiology

The exact etiology is unknown, but it may be associated with aging and excessive exposure to UV light. [2]

Signs and symptoms

It is seen as a yellow-white deposit on the conjunctiva adjacent to the limbus (the junction between the cornea and sclera). [3] (It is to be distinguished clinically from a pterygium, which is a wedge shaped area of fibrosis that may grow onto the cornea.) A pinguecula usually does not cause any symptoms. It is most common in tropical climates and there is a direct correlation with UV exposure.

Histologically, there is degeneration of the collagen fibers of the conjunctival stroma with thinning of the overlying epithelium and occasionally calcification. [3] Actinic exposure of the thin conjunctival tissue is thought to cause fibroblasts to produce more elastin fibers, which are more twisted than normal elastin fibers and may lead to the degradation of the collagen fibers. [4] Alternatively, it has been postulated that the sub-epithelial collagen fibers undergo degradation and assume the qualities of elastic tissue while fragmenting and twisting in a different configuration from their normal state. [5]

It is thought that the high reflectivity of the solid white scleral tissue underlying the conjunctival tissue may result in additional UV exposure to the back side of the tissue. [6] The side of the nose also reflects sunlight on to the conjunctiva. As a result, pingueculae tend to occur more often on the nasal side of the eye. While most pingueculae are found in people over the age of 40, they are not uncommon in 20- and 30-year-old adults who spend significant time in the sun.

The surface of the conjunctival tissue overlying a pinguecula interferes with the normal spreading of the tear film. The tear ferning test reveals abnormalities of the mucous component of the tear film, making it useful as a predictor of a person's tolerance of hydrophilic soft contact lenses. [7] Contact lens intolerance can also result from the elevation of the peripheral edge of the contact lens if it overlies a pinguecula.

The plural form of pinguecula is pingueculae. Pinguecula is derived from the Latin word "pinguis" for fat or grease. [8]

Associated conditions

A pinguecula is one of the differential diagnoses for a limbal nodule. It may have an increased prevalence in Gaucher's disease.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of pinguecula is usually done by an eye care professional during routine eye examination using slit lamp. Conjunctival biopsy may be advised if malignancy is suspected. [9]

Treatment

Pingueculae may enlarge slowly over time, but it is a benign condition, usually requiring no treatment. [1] Artificial tears may help to relieve discomfort, if it occurs. [1] If cosmesis is a concern, or if there is discomfort in contact lens use, surgical excision may be done. [9] Occasionally, a pinguecula may become inflamed, a condition called pingueculitis. The cause of pingueculitis is unknown and there are no known infectious agents associated with it. If an inflamed pinguecula is causing discomfort or cosmetic concerns, it may be treated with short course of topical steroid. [1] Laser photocoagulation may also be used to remove pinguecula. [9]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conjunctivitis</span> Inflammation of the eye

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may occur. The affected eye may have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning. Swelling of the white part of the eye may also occur. Itching is more common in cases due to allergies. Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes.

Photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural or artificial sources. Photokeratitis is akin to a sunburn of the cornea and conjunctiva.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cornea</span> Transparent front layer of the eye

The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Along with the anterior chamber and lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres. The cornea can be reshaped by surgical procedures such as LASIK.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pterygium (eye)</span> Pinkish, triangular tissue growth on the cornea of the eye

A pterygium of the eye is a pinkish, roughly triangular tissue growth of the conjunctiva onto the cornea of the eye. It typically starts on the cornea near the nose. It may slowly grow but rarely grows so large that it covers the pupil and impairs vision. Often both eyes are involved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conjunctiva</span> Conjunctiva is Outer protective layer/covering of sclera

The conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera. It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, stratified columnar epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human eye</span> Mammalian eye

The human eye is a sensory organ, part of the sensory nervous system, that reacts to visible light and allows humans to use visual information for various purposes including seeing things, keeping balance, and maintaining circadian rhythm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red eye (medicine)</span> Eye that appears red due to illness / injury. It is a common diseases

A red eye is an eye that appears red due to illness or injury. It is usually injection and prominence of the superficial blood vessels of the conjunctiva, which may be caused by disorders of these or adjacent structures. Conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are two of the less serious but more common causes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corneal cross-linking</span> Surgical procedure

Corneal cross-linking with riboflavin (vitamin B2) and UV-A light is a surgical treatment for corneal ectasia such as keratoconus, PMD, and post-LASIK ectasia.

Ocular melanosis (OM) is a blue-gray and/or brown lesion of the conjunctiva that can be separated into benign conjunctival epithelial melanosis (BCEM) and primary acquired melanosis (PAM), of which the latter is considered a risk factor for uveal melanoma. The disease is caused by an increase of melanocytes in the iris, choroid, and surrounding structures. Overproduction of pigment by these cells can block the trabecular meshwork through which fluid drains from the eye. The increased fluid in the eye leads to increased pressure, which can lead to glaucoma. In humans, this is sometimes known as pigment dispersion syndrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corneal ulcers in animals</span> Veterinary inflammatory condition of the cornea

A corneal ulcer, or ulcerative keratitis, is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. It is very common in dogs and is sometimes seen in cats. In veterinary medicine, the term corneal ulcer is a generic name for any condition involving the loss of the outer layer of the cornea, and as such is used to describe conditions with both inflammatory and traumatic causes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis</span> Medical condition

Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is a disease of the eye characterized by episodes of recurrent inflammation of the superior cornea and limbus, as well as of the superior tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva. It was first described by F. H. Théodore in 1963.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corneal ulcer</span> Medical condition

Corneal ulcer is an inflammatory or, more seriously, infective condition of the cornea involving disruption of its epithelial layer with involvement of the corneal stroma. It is a common condition in humans particularly in the tropics and the agrarian societies. In developing countries, children afflicted by Vitamin A deficiency are at high risk for corneal ulcer and may become blind in both eyes, which may persist lifelong. In ophthalmology, a corneal ulcer usually refers to having an infectious cause while the term corneal abrasion refers more to physical abrasions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pterygium</span>

Pterygium refers to any wing-like triangular membrane occurring in the neck, eyes, knees, elbows, ankles or digits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Actinic elastosis</span> Medical condition

Actinic elastosis, also known as solar elastosis, is an accumulation of abnormal elastin in the dermis of the skin, or in the conjunctiva of the eye, which occurs as a result of the cumulative effects of prolonged and excessive sun exposure, a process known as photoaging.

Peripheral Light Focusing (PLF) can be described as the focusing of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (SUVR) at the nasal limbus of the cornea. SUVR incident at the temporal limbus passes across the corneal dome and focuses at the nasal limbus. The limbal region is a stem cell rich tissue. Ocular conditions such as pinguecula and pterygium may occur due to the result of this increased exposure to SUVR in limal area, but it is not the only cause of pterygium formation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conjunctivochalasis</span> Medical condition

Conjunctivochalasis, also known as Mechanical Dry Eye (MDE), is a common eye surface condition characterized by the presence of excess folds of the conjunctiva located between the globe of the eye and the eyelid margin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limbal stem cell</span>

Limbal stem cells, also known as corneal epithelial stem cells, are stem cells located in the basal epithelial layer of the corneal limbus. They form the border between the cornea and the sclera. Characteristics of limbal stem cells include a slow turnover rate, high proliferative potential, clonogenicity, expression of stem cell markers, as well as the ability to regenerate the entire corneal epithelium. Limbal stem cell proliferation has the role of maintaining the cornea; for example, by replacing cells that are lost via tears. Additionally, these cells also prevent the conjunctival epithelial cells from migrating onto the surface of the cornea.

Pseudopterygium is the conjunctival adhesion to cornea caused by limbal or corneal inflammation or trauma. The pseudopterygium can be easily distinguished from pterygium by bowman's probe test. Because of the lack of adherence of pseudopterygium at every point, the probe can be passed beneath it at some point.

Tear break-up time (TBUT) also known as tear film break-up time (TFBUT) is the time taken for the first dry spot to appear on the cornea after a complete blink. TFBUT measurement is an easy and fast method used to assess the stability of tear film. It is a standard diagnostic procedure in the dry eye clinics. The volume of tear in the eye depends on two factors, drainage through the lacrimal passages and evaporation. Factors like decreased tear production, increased evaporation rate, tearfilm instability, tear hyperosmolarity, inflammations, ocular surface damages etc. can cause dryness to the eyes.

Exposure keratopathy is medical condition affecting the cornea of eyes. It can lead to corneal ulceration and permanent loss of vision due to corneal opacity.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 John F., Salmon (2020). "Conjunctiva". Kanski's clinical ophthalmology : a systematic approach (9th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-7020-7713-5. OCLC   1131846767.
  2. Myron, Yanoff; Jay S., Duker (2019). "Cornea and ocular surface diseases". Ophthalmology (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 206. ISBN   978-0-323-52821-4. OCLC   1051774434.
  3. 1 2 Bowling, Brad (2015-03-24). Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology E-Book: A Systematic Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 162. ISBN   9780702055744.
  4. Weedon, David (2010). Weedon's Skin Pathology . ISBN   978-0-7020-3485-5.
  5. Sutphin, John (ed.). 2007-2008 Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 8: External Disease and Cornea. American Academy Ophthalmology. p. 365. ISBN   1-56055-814-8.
  6. Kisling, David (2010-06-26). "Eye Growth & Bumps Often Pinguecula" . Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  7. Ravazzoni L, Ghini C, Macri A, Rolando M (1998). "Forecasting of hydrophilic contact lens tolerance by means of tear ferning test". Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 236 (5): 354–358. doi:10.1007/s004170050090. PMID   9602319. S2CID   9448528.
  8. "pingu-, pingue-, pingui-". English-Word Information. Senior Scribe Publications. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  9. 1 2 3 "Pinguecula - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org.