ALD-52

Last updated

ALD-52
ALD-52 image.svg
Clinical data
Other namesALD52; ALD; 1-Acetyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide; 1-Acetyl-LSD; 1A-LSD; N-Acetyl-LSD; N6-Acetyl-LSD; Acetyl-LSD; Orange Sunshine; Orange Sunshine Acid
Routes of
administration 		Oral [1]
Drug class Serotonin receptor agonist; Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist; Serotonergic psychedelic; Hallucinogen
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU:Unscheduled
  • BR: Class F2 (Prohibited psychotropics) [2]
  • CA:Unscheduled
  • DE: NpSG (Industrial and scientific use only)
  • UK: Class A
  • US:Unscheduled, could be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act.
  • Unscheduled in the most countries of the world, Illegal in France, Romania, Switzerland, Finland and Singapore [3]
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism Deacetylation (CYP3A4) [4] [5]
Metabolites LSD, others [4] [5]
Onset of action Similar to LSD [4] [6] [7]
Duration of action Similar to LSD [4] [6] [7]
Identifiers
  • (6aR,9R)-4-Acetyl-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C22H27N3O2
Molar mass 365.477 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(n1cc2c3c(C4=C[C@@H](C(=O)N(CC)CC)CN([C@@H]4C2)C)cccc13)C
  • InChI=1S/C22H27N3O2/c1-5-24(6-2)22(27)16-10-18-17-8-7-9-19-21(17)15(13-25(19)14(3)26)11-20(18)23(4)12-16/h7-10,13,16,20H,5-6,11-12H2,1-4H3/t16-,20-/m1/s1 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:FJOWXGYLIWJFCH-OXQOHEQNSA-N Yes check.svgY
   (verify)

ALD-52, also known as 1-acetyl-LSD (1A-LSD) and falsely as "Orange Sunshine", is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide family related to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). [1] [4] It is taken orally. [1]

Contents

The drug acts as a readily converted prodrug of LSD and hence has very similar properties to those of LSD, including in terms of onset, duration, and subjective psychedelic effects. [8] [9] [4] [6] [1] LSD itself acts as a non-selective agonist of serotonin and dopamine receptors, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, which mediates its hallucinogenic effects. [10] ALD-52 is a 1-acyllysergamide, specifically the 1-acetyl derivative of LSD, and is closely related to other 1-acyllysergamide LSD prodrugs, such as 1P-LSD, 1V-LSD, and 1cP-LSD. [9] [6] [11] The drug has about 90 to 100% of the potency of LSD. [6] [4] [12]

ALD-52 was first described in the literature by Albert Hofmann and colleagues at Sandoz in 1957. [4] [13] [14] It was once claimed that the "Orange Sunshine" LSD distributed by Tim Scully and Nick Sand during the 1967 Summer of Love in the United States was actually ALD-52 rather than LSD, but this turned out to be untrue. [15] [1] [16] [17] ALD-52 was first definitely encountered as a novel designer drug in 2016. [18] [4] [19] The drug is a key parent compound and inspiration for the 1-acyllysergamide prodrugs like 1P-LSD that were developed by Lizard Labs and emerged as designer drugs in the mid-2010s. [9] [8] [4] [20] [21]

Use and effects

ALD-52 was long thought to be a readily converted prodrug of LSD. [22] [8] [1] However, this was not empirically confirmed until formal studies were finally done in the 2010s and 2020s. [8] [4] [5] [23]

ALD-52 was clinically studied and found to produce psychedelic effects similar to those of LSD itself and to closely match the time–course of LSD in terms of onset and duration. [4] [6] [7] However, in one study, it was claimed that ALD-52 seemed to modify cognition and body image to a greater extent than LSD. [6] [4] [24] Both LSD and ALD-52 were reported to be active at doses of 0.5 to 1 μg/kg orally (35–70 μg for a 70-kg person). [4] Other sources found that ALD-52 was 91% as potent as LSD (with LSD notably having 88% of the molecular weight of ALD-52) or that the two drugs were equipotent. [6] [22] [4] [12]

In his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved), Alexander Shulgin briefly discusses ALD-52, giving a dose range of 50 to 175 μg orally and no onset or duration mentioned. [1] In other publications however, he gave a dose range of 100 to 200 μg orally. [25] [26] A few different individual accounts of the effects of ALD-52 were described by Shulgin. [1] One account found that there was less visual distortion than with LSD, that there was seemingly less anxiety than with LSD, and that it was somewhat less potent than LSD. [1] Another claimed that it was more effective than LSD in increasing blood pressure. [1] One account could not tell ALD-52 and LSD apart. [1] Per Shulgin, if ALD-52 is a readily converted prodrug of LSD, then they should be equivalent in all regards (aside from a slight difference potency). [1]

Interactions

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

ALD-52 is a readily converted prodrug of LSD and hence has similar pharmacology to LSD. [8] [9] [4] [6] [1] This has been confirmed with human liver enzymes in vitro and in rodents in vivo , but still needs to be confirmed with a clinical study in humans in vivo. [27] [4]

In early studies, ALD-52 was found to have 19 or 20% of the toxicity of LSD in rabbits given intravenously, 12.5 or 13% of the pyretogenic effect of LSD in rabbits, and 2.0 to 2.1 times the antiserotonergic activity of LSD in the isolated rat uterus in vitro . [22] [6] [12]

The receptor interactions of ALD-52 have been studied. [4] [28] The drug shows dramatically reduced affinities for the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors compared to LSD itself. [4] [28] It also showed markedly reduced activational potency and efficacy at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor relative to LSD, whereas agonistic activity at the serotonin 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors was lost entirely. [4]

An early study reported that ALD-52 surprisingly did not produce the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects, in mice. [4] [29] [30] It was subsequently suggested that this could be due to species differences in the metabolism of ALD-52 . [31] However, later research found that ALD-52 does indeed produce the head-twitch response in mice and that the earlier findings were erroneous. [4] ALD-52 had about 45% of the molar potency of LSD in inducing the head-twitch response, whereas 1P-LSD had about 38%, 1V-LSD 36%, and 1cP-LSD 31% of the molar potency of LSD in this assay. [9] [4]

Pharmacokinetics

The preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ALD-52 have been studied. [4] A large percentage of the total dose of both ALD-52 and 1P-LSD is metabolized into LSD in rodents. [4] Circulating levels of LSD following subcutaneous injection in rodents are virtually identical with administration of ALD-52 and 1P-LSD. [4] The formation of LSD from ALD-52 could be largely blocked by the strong cytochrome P450 inhibitor ketoconazole in a human liver enzyme system in vitro , with CYP3A4 specifically appearing to be responsible for ALD-52 deacetylation into LSD. [5]

Chemistry

ALD-52, also known as 1-acetyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide or as 1-acetyl-LSD (1A-LSD), is a substituted lysergamide and a 1-acyl derivative of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; N,N-diethyllysergamide), more specifically the 1-acetyl analogue of LSD. [9] [6] [11]

Properties

The chemical stability of ALD-52 has been studied and described. [13] [17]

Synthesis

The chemical synthesis of ALD-52 has been described. [14]

Analogues

Analogues of ALD-52 (1A-LSD) include MLD-41 (1-methyl-LSD), OML-632 (1-hydroxymethyl-LSD), ALA-10 (1A-LAE), 1-formyl-LSD, 1P-LSD, 1cP-LSD, 1V-LSD, 1B-LSD, 1S-LSD, 1T-LSD, 1P-ETH-LAD, and 1cP-AL-LAD, among others. [9] [6] [11]

History

ALD-52 was first synthesized and described in the scientific literature by Albert Hofmann and Franz Troxler at Sandoz in 1957. [4] [13] [14] The properties and effects of ALD-52 were studied and reported in the late 1950s and early 1960s. [4] [13] It is said to be unclear whether ALD-52 ever circulated as a recreational drug similarly to LSD in the 1960s or subsequent decades. [18]

The LSD manufacturers Tim Scully and Nick Sand once claimed that the "Orange Sunshine" LSD they distributed during the 1967 Summer of Love in the United States was actually ALD-52 rather than LSD. [15] [1] [18] [32] [16] [17] More specifically, they had been apprehended by law enforcement in 1973 and the pair argued in court that same year that they had distributed ALD-52 rather than LSD. [15] [1] [16] [17] This was notable as ALD-52 was not a controlled substance and hence was not technically illegal in contrast to LSD. [15] [1] [16] [17] However, the prosecution argued that ALD-52 readily converts into LSD and that the synthesis of ALD-52 requires going through LSD as an intermediate. [1] In addition, they tested a sample of supposed ALD-52 that Sand and Scully provided to them via a friend which inadvertently turned out to be LSD. [15] [16] [17] The pair were found guilty, including of lying in court, and Scully was sentenced to 20 years in prison while Sand received 15 years in prison. [15] [1] [33] [16] Later, in the 2000s and 2010s, Sand and Scully publicly admitted that they had never in fact manufactured or distributed ALD-52 and that "Orange Sunshine" was LSD all along. [15] [33] [16] [17] They disclosed that they had unsuccessfully lied to the court in an attempt to exploit a legal loophole and avoid conviction and prison time, which they regretted. [15] [33] [16] [17] The subject of the "Orange Sunshine" LSD was covered in the 2015 documentary The Sunshine Makers by Cosmo Feilding Mellen. [33] [34]

ALD-52 was one of the earliest 1-acyl lysergamides to be described. [9] [8] [4] It is a key parent compound of the 1-acyllysergamide LSD prodrugs and served as inspiration for development of subsequent compounds of this series such as 1P-LSD, 1V-LSD, and 1cP-LSD, among many others. [9] [8] [4] These LSD prodrugs were developed by Lizard Labs and emerged as novel designer drugs starting in the mid-2010s. [9] [8] [4] [20] [21] ALD-52 itself was first definitely encountered as a novel designer drug in Europe in 2016. [18] [4] [19] Soon thereafter, it was encountered in Japan and Brazil. [18] [35] [36] The detection of 1P-LSD slightly preceded that of ALD-52, having been first encountered in 2015. [27] ALD-52 was thought to act as a prodrug of LSD since at least the 1960s. [22] [1] However, this was not definitely confirmed until formal studies were done in the 2010s and 2020s. [8] [4] [5] [23]

Society and culture

Austria

ALD-52 is technically not illegal but it may fall in the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich) as an analogue of LSD.

Denmark

ALD-52 is not listed as an illegal substance in Denmark as of April 2019, and its chemical class 'lysergamide' is not banned under the Analogue Act (some LSD analogues are, however, prohibited). [37]

Finland

ALD-52 is labeled a controlled psychoactive substance in Finland as of 2014. [38]

Germany

ALD-52 is controlled under the NpSG as of July 18, 2019. [39] [40] Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized. [41]

Latvia

ALD-52 is illegal in Latvia. Although it is not officially scheduled, it is controlled as an LSD structural analog due to an amendment made on June 1, 2015. [42]

Romania

ALD-52 is illegal to produce or sell in Romania. It is not included directly in the list of controlled substances, but it is included in an analogue act. However, it is not, as of yet, classified as illegal to use.

Singapore

ALD-52 is a class A controlled drug, and is illegal to traffic, manufacture, import, export, possess, or consume in Singapore as of December 1, 2019, punishable with a minimum of five years' imprisonment and five strokes of the cane. [43]

Switzerland

Since March 2018, ALD-52 is illegal in Switzerland and has been put in the RS 812.121.11.

United Kingdom

On June 10, 2014, the UK Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) recommended that ALD-52 be specifically named in the UK Misuse of Drugs Act as a class A drug despite not identifying it as ever having been sold or any harm associated with its use. [44] The UK Home office accepted this advice and announced a ban of the substance to be enacted on 6 January 2015 as part of The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2014.

United States

ALD-52 is unscheduled in the United States. It may be considered an analogue of LSD, a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act. As such, the sale for human consumption or the use for illicit non-medical or scientific use could be prosecuted as crimes under the Federal Analogue Act however could be legal for medical and research uses like a research chemical. [45]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Shulgin A, Shulgin A (September 1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN   0-9630096-9-9. OCLC   38503252. "ALD-52. 1-Acetyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide. This material has been explored in the 50-175 microgram range and there are a number of human trials reported, with varying conclusions. One found that there was less visual distortion than with LSD and it seems to produce less anxiety and was somewhat less potent than LSD. Another report claimed it was more effective in increasing blood pressure. Yet another could not tell them apart. ALD-52 just may have been the drug that was sold as "Orange Sunshine" during the "Summer of Love" in the late '60's. Or "Orange Sunshine" may have been, really, LSD. This was the focus of a fascinating trial where two defendants were accused of distributing LSD, whereas they claimed that it was ALD-52 which was not an illegal drug. The prosecution claimed that as it hydrolyses readily to LSD, for all intents and purposes it was LSD, and anyway, you had to go through the illegal LSD to get to ALD-52 by any of the known chemical syntheses. The defendants were found guilty. And yet, I do not know who has actually measured the speed or ease of that reaction. If ALD-52 hydrolyses so easily to LSD, and the body is indeed a hydrolytic instrument, then these two drugs should be absolutely equivalent in every particular. This is the ergot equivalent of the psilocybin to psilocin argument, except this is an acetamide rather than a phosphate ester."
  2. ↑ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  3. ↑ "Arrêté du 20 mai 2021 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants". www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 20 May 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, McCorvy JD, Meyer MR, Wagmann L, et al. (August 2020). "Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)". Neuropharmacology. 172 107856. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856. PMC   9191647 . PMID   31756337. The preparation of ALD-52 was first reported by Troxler and Hofmann in 1957 (Troxler and Hofmann, 1957). Tests of ALD-52 in human subjects revealed that it produces LSD-like effects and closely matches the time-course of LSD (Rothlin, 1957; Abramson, 1959; Isbell et al., 1959; Malitz et al., 1960). According to Rothlin (1957), both LSD and ALD-52 are active at doses of 0.5–1 μg/kg, but further experimental details were not provided. Abramson (1959) found ALD-52 to be 91% as potent as LSD, whereas Isbell et al. (1959) reported that the two substances are equipotent. In another study conducted in normal subjects and psychotic patients, LSD and ALD-52 produced similar effects, but the latter compound seemed to alter cognition and body image to a greater extent than LSD (Malitz et al., 1960). Although claims have been made that some of the LSD distributed during the late 1960s was actually ALD-52 (Tendler and May 1984), the first confirmed detection of the drug on the illicit market occurred in April 2016 (EMCDDA, 2017).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Hoang K, et al. (September 2016). "Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 8 (9): 891–902. doi:10.1002/dta.1884. PMC   4829483 . PMID   26456305.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fanchamps A (1978). "Some Compounds With Hallucinogenic Activity". In Berde B, Schild HO (eds.). Ergot Alkaloids and Related Compounds. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (HEP). Vol. 49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 567–614. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66775-6_8. ISBN   978-3-642-66777-0. Archived from the original on 30 March 2025. 1-Acetyl-LSD (ALD 52, No. 36f) is as effective as LSD as a psychotomimetic. MALITZ et al. (1960, 1962) compared the effects of LSD (0.1–2.8 μg/kg) and ALD 52 (0.6–3.3 μg/kg) in a large series of subjects and psychotic patients; they found very similar action profiles, but ALD 52 produced somewhat more distortions of the body image and thinking disturbances. ABRAMSON (1959) rates its relative effectiveness at 91%, ISBELL et at. (1959a) at 100% of LSD. As a serotonin antagonist, it is 2.1 times more active than LSD on the isolated rat uterus (CERLETTI and DOEPFNER, 1958a), and upon intracerebral injection in mice, it produces the same excitatory syndrome and serotonin inhibition as LSD and MLD41 (HALEY, 1957). On the other hand, it has only a modest pyretogenic effect in the rabbit, amounting to 13% of the LSD activity (Sandoz Res. Lab., 1958).
  7. 1 2 3 Isbell H, Miner EJ, Logan CR (1959). "Relationships of psychotomimetic to anti-serotonin potencies of congeners of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)". Psychopharmacologia. 1: 20–28. doi:10.1007/BF00408108. PMID   14405872. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elliott SP, Holdbrook T, Brandt SD (May 2020). "Prodrugs of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A New Challenge". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 65 (3): 913–920. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14268. PMID   31943218. A biotransformation has been observed in lysergamides acylated at the indole nitrogen that in turn produces the corresponding "core" drug of LSD or ETH-LAD (52). Therefore, 1P-LSD, 1B-LSD, and ALD-52 are all prodrugs of LSD and 1PETH-LAD is a prodrug of ETH-LAD. All of these drugs have been discussed in Internet drug forums and are currently available for purchase online (53–56). Although ALD-52 was known to be psychoactive in humans for a long time (57), the formation of LSD both in vitro and in vivo (rats) has only been confirmed recently (51,57).
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ponce JD (2024). "The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse". WIREs Forensic Science. 6 (3) e1514. doi: 10.1002/wfs2.1514 . ISSN   2573-9468.
  10. ↑ Nichols DE (October 2018). "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 9 (10): 2331–2343. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00043. PMID   29461039.
  11. 1 2 3 Rutschmann J, Stadler PA (1978). "Chemical Background". In Berde B, Schild HO (eds.). Ergot Alkaloids and Related Compounds. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (HEP). Vol. 49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 29–85. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66775-6_2. ISBN   978-3-642-66777-0.
  12. 1 2 3 Hoffer A, Osmond H (1967). The Hallucinogens. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-12543-3. ISBN   978-1-4832-3296-6. LCCN   66030086. OCLC   332437. OL   35255701M.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Zhang SH, Tang AS, Chin RS, Goh JY, Ong MC, Lim WJ, et al. (May 2023). "Stability studies of ALD-52 and its homologue 1P-LSD". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 68 (3): 1009–1019. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15224. PMID   36779453. ALD-52 was first synthesized and reported in 1957 by Hofmann et al., and its psychoactive effects were studied back in the 1950s and 1960s [16–18].
  14. 1 2 3 Troxler F, Hofmann A (1957). "Substitutionen am Ringsystem der Lysergsäure I. Substitutionen am Indol-Stickstoff. 43. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide" [Substitutions on the Ring System of Lysergic Acid. I. Substitutions in the Indole Nitrogen. (43. Communication on Ergot Alkaloids)]. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 40 (6): 1706–1720. Bibcode:1957HChAc..40.1706T. doi:10.1002/hlca.19570400619. ISSN   0018-019X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2025.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Walker C (31 October 2017). "Acid Trip: Denver's Secret LSD Labs Fueled the Psychedelic Revolution". Denver Westword. Retrieved 3 November 2025. In April 1973, Sand and Scully were indicted by a federal grand jury and charged with income-tax evasion and conspiracy to produce and distribute LSD. During their trial, which began in October that year, they drew the ire of Judge Samuel Conti when they lied on the stand, saying they'd been trying to make a close relative of LSD: ALD-52, which was still legal. They even had a friend make some ALD-52, then pretend to have dug it up from an old stash that Scully and Sand had "buried." The tablets were ready just before Scully took the witness stand, so he didn't have a chance to try them ahead of time. When the government's chemist tested the substance, it presented as LSD. "That's when we learned, boys and girls, that ALD-52 is very unstable and will decompose into LSD at the blink of an eye," says Scully, who adds that he regrets lying to the judge. Scully was sentenced to twenty years in federal prison, and Sand received fifteen years.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 zXurgan EJ (2016). "Was Orange Sunshine actually ALD-52?". erowid.org. Erowid.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Scully T, Erowid E (May 2017). "Tim Scully Describes Failed ALD-52 Legal Gambit: Email Correspondances to Earth Erowid in Feb-May 2017". erowid.org. Erowid.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Pulver B, Elliott SP, Stratford A, Halberstadt AL, et al. (January 2025). "Analytical and behavioral characterization of 1-dodecanoyl-LSD (1DD-LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 17 (1): 101–109. doi:10.1002/dta.3691. PMC   11730435 . PMID   38569566. The extent to which ALD-52 circulated on the recreational drug market during the 1960s and the decades that followed is not clear. Claims have been made that LSD distributed under the name "orange sunshine" in the United States during the 1970s was actually ALD-52, although this has been disputed. The first confirmed detection of ALD-52 as a recreational drug appears to have occurred in Europe in 2016, when ALD-52 was reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction as a new psychoactive substance (NPS).10 Detections of ALD-52 in Japan and Brazil were subsequently reported in the scientific literature.11–13
  19. 1 2 "EMCDDA–Europol 2016 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA | www.emcdda.europa.eu". www.emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  20. 1 2 Niesporek T (17 August 2022). Der Hype um legales LSD in Deutschland: Wie das Verbot umgangen wird [The hype surrounding legal LSD in Germany: How the ban is circumvented]. YouTube (in German). VICE auf Deutsch. Event occurs at 2:10–8:12, 20:05–20:41. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  21. 1 2 Chiara JB (27 July 2022). "LSD light : Gobe, c'est du légal !" [LSD Light: Swallow It, It's Legal!]. Technikart (in French). Retrieved 29 September 2025. Sorti du labo hollandais Lizard Labs, cet acide est l'œuvre d'un chimiste qui contourne la loi en modifiant la structure moléculaire des substances. Dès 2015, il crée le 1P-LSD, ce qu'on appelle un « research chemical » (RC), qui n'est pas destiné à être consommé, mais étudié… [...] Nous sommes entrés en contact avec cet artiste de la molécule, l'un des seuls dans le monde à fabriquer du LSD en quantité industrielle, qui se décrit comme « entrepreneur, chimiste, ingénieur, penseur, bricoleur… peut-être artiste, je ne suis pas sûr de celui-là. ». Il nous explique : « J'ai créé le 1P-LSD car je crois que les psychédéliques devraient être accessibles à tous ceux qui veulent les explorer. Ce sont des outils très utiles pour sonder la psychologie humaine et le fonctionnement de la conscience. Le 1P-LSD a été la première substance que j'ai inventée, et une découverte assez fortuite, je ne m'attendais pas à ce qu'il fonctionne aussi bien ». Si le 1P-LSD est un secret de polichinelle en 2015, le plan se fait connaître en Allemagne vers la fin de la décennie. Avant qu'une loi allemande ne l'interdise en 2019, suivie par une loi française en 2020. Mais notre chimiste militant, ce résistant de l'ouverture des conscience, répond instantanément à ce « ban », et crée alors une nouvelle substance dès la fin 2019 : le 1cP-LSD. [...]
  22. 1 2 3 4 Hoffer A (1965). "D-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): A review of its present status". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 6 (2): 183–255. doi:10.1002/cpt196562183. PMID   14288188. Archived from the original on 30 March 2025. In sharp contrast, ALD-52 is as active psychologically as LSD. Perhaps this is due to a slower release of LSD from its acetyl derivative.
  23. 1 2 Wagmann L, Richter LH, Kehl T, Wack F, Bergstrand MP, Brandt SD, et al. (July 2019). "In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 411 (19): 4751–4763. doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9. PMID   30617391.
  24. ↑ Malitz S, Wilkens B, Roehrig WC, Hoch PH (April 1960). "A clinical comparison of three related hallucinogens". The Psychiatric Quarterly. 34 (2): 333–345. doi:10.1007/BF01562113. PMID   13765819.
  25. ↑ Jacob P, Shulgin AT (1994). "Structure-Activity Relationships of the Classic Hallucinogens and Their Analogs". In Lin GC, Glennon RA (eds.). Hallucinogens: An Update (PDF). National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Vol. 146. National Institute on Drug Abuse. pp. 74–91. PMID   8742795. Archived from the original on 13 July 2025.
  26. ↑ Shulgin AT (2003). "Basic Pharmacology and Effects". In Laing RR (ed.). Hallucinogens: A Forensic Drug Handbook. Forensic Drug Handbook Series. Elsevier Science. pp. 67–137. ISBN   978-0-12-433951-4. Archived from the original on 13 July 2025.
  27. 1 2 Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Dowling G, et al. (August 2019). "Return of the lysergamides. Part V: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-butanoyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1B-LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 11 (8): 1122–1133. doi:10.1002/dta.2613. PMC   6899222 . PMID   31083768. Various substitutions on the indole nitrogen (position N1 ) of LSD were prepared in previous decades, including the attachment of acyl groups.6,7 One of the earliest examples is 1‐acetyl‐LSD (ALD‐52, 1A‐ LSD; Figure 1), which has LSD‐like psychoactive properties in humans.8-11 It was recently shown that ALD‐52 is hydrolyzed to LSD when incubated with pooled human liver enzymes, indicating that it may serve as a prodrug for LSD in vivo.12 Clinical investigations with ALD‐52 are ultimately necessary to confirm the extent of LSD formation in humans. According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), ALD‐52 was first detected in Europe in April 201613 whereas the detection of 1‐propanoyl‐LSD (1P‐LSD, Figure 1) was notified in 2015.14
  28. 1 2 Johnson MP, Audia JE, Nissen JS, Nelson DL (August 1993). "N(1)-substituted ergolines and tryptamines show species differences for the agonist-labeled 5-HT2 receptor". European Journal of Pharmacology. 239 (1–3): 111–118. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(93)90983-o. PMID   8223886.
  29. ↑ Alexander L, Anderson D, Baxter L, Claydon M, Rucker J, Robinson ES (October 2024). "Preclinical models for evaluating psychedelics in the treatment of major depressive disorder". British Journal of Pharmacology bph.17370. doi: 10.1111/bph.17370 . PMID   39467003.
  30. ↑ Corne SJ, Pickering RW (1967). "A possible correlation between drug-induced hallucinations in man and a behavioural response in mice". Psychopharmacologia. 11 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1007/BF00401509. PMID   5302272.
  31. ↑ Kozlenkov A, González-Maeso J (2013). "Animal Models and Hallucinogenic Drugs". The Neuroscience of Hallucinations. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 253–277. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4121-2_14. ISBN   978-1-4614-4120-5. In the group of non-hallucinogens structurally similar to tryptamines or phenethylamines, the only "false negative" result was obtained with ALD ( N -acetyl-LSD), which, while known to be as active hallucinogen as LSD, did not produce head-twitches in mice, which was suggested, however, to be due to differences in metabolism between mice and humans.
  32. ↑ Tendler S, May D (2007) [1984]. The Brotherhood of Eternal Love: From Flower Power to Hippie Mafia : the Story of the LSD Counterculture. Cyan Books. ISBN   978-1-904879-95-4 . Retrieved 2 November 2025.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Normand B (21 January 2017). "Cosmo Feilding Mellen: Interview with a Sunshine Maker". Psymposia. Retrieved 3 November 2025. Was Orange Sunshine LSD or ALD-52? Was this the legal loophole Scully found to briefly get out of prison? No. That was a loophole that he tried to use in the trial, and it actually got him a worse prison sentence because he was lying to the court!
  34. ↑ Barron M (17 November 2015). "The Long, Strange Trip of the Chemists Behind the Legendary LSD 'Orange Sunshine'". VICE. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
  35. ↑ Tanaka R, Kawamura M, Hakamatsuka T, Kikura-Hanajiri R (2020). "[Identification and Analysis of LSD Derivatives in Illegal Products as Paper Sheet]" [Identification and Analysis of LSD Derivatives in Illegal Products as Paper Sheet]. Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 140 (5): 739–750. doi:10.1248/yakushi.19-00230. PMID   32378678.
  36. ↑ Junior LF, Fabris AL, Barbosa IL, de Carvalho Ponce J, Martins AF, Costa JL, et al. (December 2022). "Lucy is back in Brazil with a new dress". Forensic Science International. 341 111497. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111497. PMID   36283279.
  37. ↑ "Samlet liste over euforiserende stoffer opført på bilag 1 til bekendtgørelsen om euforiserende stoffer nr. 557 af 31. maj 2011 og stoffer reguleret herefter via ændringsbekendtgørelser" [Comprehensive list of euphoric substances listed in Appendix 1 to the Executive Order on Euphoric Substances No 557 of 31 May 2011 and substances regulated thereafter via amendments] (in Danish). June 13, 2018. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  38. ↑ "Valtioneuvoston asetus kuluttajamarkkinoilta kielletyistä psykoaktiivisista aineista" (in Finnish). 2014. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2022-02-13.
  39. ↑ "Änderungen NpSG vom 18 July 2019 durch Artikel 1 der Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes". www.buzer.de. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  40. ↑ "Anlage NpSG – Einzelnorm". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  41. ↑ "§ 4 NpSG – Einzelnorm". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  42. ↑ "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem". LIKUMI.LV (in Latvian). Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  43. ↑ "Changes to Misuse Of Drugs Act (w.e.f. 1 December 2019)". www.cnb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  44. ↑ ACMD (10 June 2014). "Update of the Generic Definition for Tryptamines" (PDF). UK Home Office. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  45. ↑ "Erowid Analog Law Vault: Federal Controlled Substance Analogue Act Summary". www.erowid.org. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
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