Substituted lysergamide

Last updated

General structure of lysergamides. Lysergamides.svg
General structure of lysergamides.

Substituted lysergamides are amides of lysergic acid and are collectively known as lysergamides or ergoamides. [1] [2] They include a number of compounds with potent agonist and/or antagonist activity at various serotonin and dopamine receptors, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and lysergic acid amide (LSA; ergine), among others. Lysergamides contain an embedded tryptamine structure, and as a result can produce similar, often psychedelic, effects to those of the true tryptamines. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]

Contents

Use and effects

The dosages, potencies, durations, and effects of lysergamides have been reviewed by Alexander Shulgin. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

List of substituted lysergamides

Lysergamides, tabulated by structure
StructureNameCAS numberR1R6R2R3Other
Ergine.svg LSA / LAA 478-94-4H CH3 HH-
DAM-57.svg DAM-57 4238-84-0HCH3CH3CH3-
Ergonovine-skeletal.svg Ergometrine (Ergonovine)60-79-7HCH3CH(CH3)CH2OHH-
Ergotamine-skeletal.svg Ergotamine 113-15-5HCH3--C17H18N2O4-
Methylergometrin.svg Methergine 113-42-8HCH3CH(CH2CH3)CH2OHH-
Methylsergide Structural Formula V1.svg Methysergide 361-37-5CH3CH3CH(CH2CH3)CH2OHH-
Amesergide.svg Amesergide 121588-75-8CH(CH3)2CH3 C6H11 H-
LY-215840 structure.png LY-215840 137328-52-0CH(CH3)2CH3C5H8OHH-
Cabergoline.svg Cabergoline 81409-90-7HH2C=CH-CH2CONHCH2CH3CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2-
LAE-32.svg LAE-32 478-99-9HCH3 CH2CH3 H-
LAiP structure.png LAiPHCH3CH(CH3)2H-
LAtB structure.png LAtBHCH3C(CH3)3H-
LAcB structure.png LAcB HCH3(CH2)4H-
LAcPe structure.png Cepentil HCH3(CH2)5H-
SBULSD.svg LSB 137765-82-3HCH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3H-
LS3P structure.png LSP HCH3CH(CH2CH3)CH2CH3H-
DALAD.svg DAL HCH3 H2C=CH-CH2 H2C=CH-CH2-
MIPLSD.svg MIPLA 100768-08-9HCH3 CH(CH3)2 CH3-
EiPLA structure.png EIPLA HCH3CH(CH3)2CH2CH3-
ECPLA structure.png ECPLA HCH3C3H5CH2CH3-
ETFELA.svg ETFELA HCH3CH2CF3CH2CH3-
MPLA structure.png LAMPA 40158-98-3HCH3CH2CH2CH3CH3-
EPLA structure.png EPLAHCH2CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3-
LSD structural formulae v.1.png LSD / LAD 50-37-3HCH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
ETH-LAD structure.png ETH-LAD 65527-62-0HCH2CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
PARGY-LAD.svg PARGY-LAD H HC≡C−CH2 CH2CH3CH2CH3-
AL-LAD structure.svg AL-LAD 65527-61-9HH2C=CH-CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3-
PRO-LAD structure.png PRO-LAD 65527-63-1H CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH3CH2CH3-
IP-LAD structure.png IP-LAD HCH(CH3)2CH2CH3CH2CH3-
CYP-LAD.svg CYP-LAD [23] H C3H5 CH2CH3CH2CH3-
BU-LAD-2D-skeletal.svg BU-LAD 96930-87-9H CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH3CH2CH3-
FLUOROETH-LAD structure.png FLUORETH-LAD [24] HCH2CH2FCH2CH3CH2CH3-
ALD-52 image.svg ALD-52 3270-02-8 COCH3 CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1P-LSD Structural Formulae V.1.svg 1P-LSD 2349358-81-0 COCH2CH3 CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1B-LSD Structure.svg 1B-LSD 2349376-12-9COCH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1V-LSD structure.svg 1V-LSD CO(CH2)3CH3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1H-LSD structure.png 1H-LSD [25] CO(CH2)4CH3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1DD-LSD structure.png 1DD-LSD CO(CH2)10CH3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1CP-LSD structure.svg 1cP-LSD [26] COC3H5CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1D-LSD.svg 1D-LSD COC4H5(CH3)2CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1T-LSD structure.png 1T-LSD COC4H3SCH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1S-LSD structure.png 1S-LSD CO(CH2)2Si(CH3)3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1P-AL-LAD structure.png 1P-AL-LAD COCH2CH3H2C=CH-CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1CP-AL-LAD structure.png 1cP-AL-LAD COC3H5H2C=CH-CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1T-AL-LAD structure.png 1T-AL-LAD [27] COC4H3SH2C=CH-CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1P-ETH-LAD Structural Formulae V2.svg 1P-ETH-LAD COCH2CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
1P-MIPLA structure.png 1P-MIPLACOCH2CH3CH3 CH(CH3)2 CH3-
MLD-41.svg MLD-41 4238-85-1CH3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3-
LSM-775.svg LSM-775 4314-63-0HCH3 CH2CH2-O-CH2CH2 -
LPD-824-2d-skeletal.svg LPD-824 2385-87-7HCH3 (CH2)4 -
LSD-Pip.svg LSD-Pip 50485-23-9HCH3 (CH2)5 -
LSD Azapane structure.png LSD-AzapaneHCH3(CH2)6-
LSD-azetidine.svg LSZ 470666-31-0HCH3CH2(CHCH3)2CH2-
2-bromo-LSD structure.svg 2-Bromo-LSD 478-84-2HCH3CH2CH3CH2CH32-Br
1P-BOL-148 structure.png 1P-BOL-148 COCH2CH3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH32-Br
12-MeO-LSD structure.png 12-Methoxy-LSD [28] 50484-99-6HCH3CH2CH3CH2CH312-OMe
13-F-LSD structure.png 13-Fluoro-LSD [29] HCH3CH2CH3CH2CH313-F
14-HO-LSD structure.png 14-Hydroxy-LSD [30] HCH3CH2CH3CH2CH314-OH

See also

References

  1. Jamieson CS, Misa J, Tang Y, Billingsley JM (2021-04-29). "Biosynthesis and synthetic biology of psychoactive natural products". Chemical Society Reviews. 50 (12): 6950–7008. doi:10.1039/D1CS00065A. ISSN   0306-0012. PMC   8217322 . PMID   33908526.
    "There are three main ergot alkaloid classes, clavines, ergoamides (lysergamides), and ergopeptides, with 3 belonging to the ergoamide class." 2.5 Lysergic acid and LSD, p. 6970
  2. Wong G, Lim LR, Tan YQ, Go MK, Bell DJ, Freemont PS, et al. (2022-02-07). "Reconstituting the complete biosynthesis of D-lysergic acid in yeast". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 712. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..712W. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28386-6. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   8821704 . PMID   35132076.
    "The ergot alkaloids are broadly classified into three groups—the clavines, ergoamides, and the ergopeptines, all of which are distinguished by the different modifications appended to the core ergoline structure." Results and discussion / Biosynthetic resolution of the ergot alkaloid pathway
  3. Hofmann A (June 1959). "Psychotomimetic drugs; chemical and pharmacological aspects". Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Neerlandica. 8: 240–58. PMID   13852489.
  4. USpatent 2997470,Pioch RP,"LYSERGIC ACID AMIDES",published 1956-03-05,issued 1961-08-22
  5. Hoffman AJ, Nichols DE (September 1985). "Synthesis and LSD-like discriminative stimulus properties in a series of N(6)-alkyl norlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide derivatives". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 28 (9): 1252–1255. doi:10.1021/jm00147a022. PMID   4032428.
  6. Huang X, Marona-Lewicka D, Pfaff RC, Nichols DE (March 1994). "Drug discrimination and receptor binding studies of N-isopropyl lysergamide derivatives". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 47 (3): 667–673. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90172-4. PMID   8208787. S2CID   16490010.
  7. Watts VJ, Lawler CP, Fox DR, Neve KA, Nichols DE, Mailman RB (April 1995). "LSD and structural analogs: pharmacological evaluation at D1 dopamine receptors". Psychopharmacology. 118 (4): 401–409. doi:10.1007/BF02245940. PMID   7568626. S2CID   21484356.
  8. Nichols DE, Frescas S, Marona-Lewicka D, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM (September 2002). "Lysergamides of isomeric 2,4-dimethylazetidines map the binding orientation of the diethylamide moiety in the potent hallucinogenic agent N,N-diethyllysergamide (LSD)". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (19): 4344–4349. doi:10.1021/jm020153s. PMID   12213075.
  9. Schiff PL (October 2006). "Ergot and its alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 70 (5): 98. doi:10.5688/aj700598 (inactive 2024-11-22). PMC   1637017 . PMID   17149427.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  10. Passie T, Halpern JH, Stichtenoth DO, Emrich HM, Hintzen A (2008). "The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 14 (4): 295–314. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x. PMC   6494066 . PMID   19040555.
  11. Nichols DE (2017). Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationships of Psychedelics. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 36. pp. 1–43. doi:10.1007/7854_2017_475. ISBN   978-3-662-55878-2. PMID   28401524.
  12. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Hoang K, et al. (September 2016). "Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 8 (9): 891–902. doi:10.1002/dta.1884. PMC   4829483 . PMID   26456305.
  13. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Elliott SP, Wallach J, Colestock T, et al. (January 2017). "Return of the lysergamides. Part II: Analytical and behavioural characterization of N6 -allyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide (AL-LAD) and (2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 9 (1): 38–50. doi:10.1002/dta.1985. PMC   5411264 . PMID   27265891.
  14. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Elliott SP, Wallach J, Stratford A, et al. (October 2017). "Return of the lysergamides. Part III: Analytical characterization of N6 -ethyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide (ETH-LAD) and 1-propionyl ETH-LAD (1P-ETH-LAD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 9 (10): 1641–1649. doi:10.1002/dta.2196. PMC   6230477 . PMID   28342178.
  15. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Twamley B, Westphal F, Elliott SP, Wallach J, et al. (February 2018). "Return of the lysergamides. Part IV: Analytical and pharmacological characterization of lysergic acid morpholide (LSM-775)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 10 (2): 310–322. doi:10.1002/dta.2222. PMC   6230476 . PMID   28585392.
  16. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Dowling G, et al. (August 2019). "Return of the lysergamides. Part V: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-butanoyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1B-LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 11 (8): 1122–1133. doi:10.1002/dta.2613. PMC   6899222 . PMID   31083768.
  17. Halberstadt AL, Klein LM, Chatha M, Valenzuela LB, Stratford A, Wallach J, et al. (February 2019). "Pharmacological characterization of the LSD analog N-ethyl-N-cyclopropyl lysergamide (ECPLA)". Psychopharmacology. 236 (2): 799–808. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5055-9. PMC   6848745 . PMID   30298278.
  18. Shulgin AT (2003). "Basic Pharmacology and Effects". In Laing RR (ed.). Hallucinogens: A Forensic Drug Handbook. Forensic Drug Handbook Series. Elsevier Science. pp. 67–137. ISBN   978-0-12-433951-4 . Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  19. Jacob P, Shulgin AT (1994). "Structure-activity relationships of the classic hallucinogens and their analogs" (PDF). NIDA Res Monogr. 146: 74–91. PMID   8742795.
  20. Shulgin AT (1982). "Chemistry of Psychotomimetics". In Hoffmeister F, Stille G (eds.). Psychotropic Agents, Part III: Alcohol and Psychotomimetics, Psychotropic Effects of Central Acting Drugs. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 3–29. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67770-0_1. ISBN   978-3-642-67772-4. OCLC   8130916.
  21. Alexander T. Shulgin (1980). "Hallucinogens". In Burger A, Wolf ME (eds.). Burger's Medicinal Chemistry. Vol. 3 (4 ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 1109–1137. ISBN   978-0-471-01572-7. OCLC   219960627.
  22. Shulgin A, Shulgin A (September 1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN   0-9630096-9-9. OCLC   38503252.
  23. Kruegel AC. Novel Ergolines and Methods of Treating Mood Disorders. Patent WO 2022/226408
  24. WO 2022/008627,Grill M,"Improved Method for the Production of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and Novel Derivatives thereof."
  25. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Gare S, Stratford A, Halberstadt AL. Analytical and behavioral characterization of 1-hexanoyl-LSD (1H-LSD). Drug Test Anal. 2024 Jul 4. doi : 10.1002/dta.3767 PMID   38965834
  26. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Odland AU, Klein AK, et al. (June 2020). "Return of the lysergamides. Part VI: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-cyclopropanoyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1CP-LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 12 (6): 812–826. doi:10.1002/dta.2789. PMC   9191646 . PMID   32180350.
  27. Okada Y, Segawa H, Yamamuro T, Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Kanamori T, et al. (June 2024). "Synthesis and analytical characterization of 1-(2-thienoyl)-6-allyl-nor-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1T-AL-LAD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. doi:10.1002/dta.3747. PMID   38922764.
  28. Usdin E, Efron DH. Psychotropic Drugs and Related Compounds. (1972) p 100 ASIN   B002X3CDIY
  29. WO 2021/076572,Olson DE, et al.,"Ergoline-like compounds for promoting neural plasticity"
  30. Libânio Osório Marta RF (August 2019). "Metabolism of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): an update". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 51 (3): 378–387. doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1638931. PMID   31266388.