List of Russian drugs

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This page is a list of Russian drugs, or drugs that were developed in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and/or post-Soviet countries.

Contents

Many Russian drugs are indicated for enhancing physical, mental, and/or cognitive performance, including drugs described as nootropics or cognitive enhancers, drugs combatting fatigue, so-called adaptogens or actoprotectors, and others. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

There have been concerns about Russian drugs in the Western world owing to lower standards of medical evidence in Russia compared to the West, for instance in the case of Russian COVID vaccines like Sputnik V. [7] [8]

Some Russian drugs have been attempted to be repurposed and developed by pharmaceutical companies for use in the West, such as phenylpiracetam (fonturacetam), (R)-phenylpiracetam (MRZ-9547), [9] Noopept (omberacetam), [10] and armesocarb (the active enantiomer of mesocarb). [11]

List of Russian drugs

Phenamine (Fenamin), a psychostimulant, is not specifically a Russian drug but the Russian name for amphetamine. [30]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Originally Japanese development, an object of Russian interest at least since the early 1970s

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenelzine</span> Antidepressant

Phenelzine, sold under the brand name Nardil, among others, is a non-selective and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine family which is primarily used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic to treat depression and anxiety. Along with tranylcypromine and isocarboxazid, phenelzine is one of the few non-selective and irreversible MAOIs still in widespread clinical use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tranylcypromine</span> Irreversible non-selective MAO inhibitor Antidepressant drug

Tranylcypromine, sold under the brand name Parnate among others, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). More specifically, tranylcypromine acts as nonselective and irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). It is used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic agent in the clinical treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively. It is also effective in the treatment of ADHD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoamine transporter</span> Proteins that function as integral plasma-membrane transporters

Monoamine transporters (MATs) are proteins that function as integral plasma-membrane transporters to regulate concentrations of extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters. The three major classes are serotonin transporters (SERTs), dopamine transporters (DATs), and norepinephrine transporters (NETs) and are responsible for the reuptake of their associated amine neurotransmitters. MATs are located just outside the synaptic cleft (peri-synaptically), transporting monoamine transmitter overflow from the synaptic cleft back to the cytoplasm of the pre-synaptic neuron. MAT regulation generally occurs through protein phosphorylation and post-translational modification. Due to their significance in neuronal signaling, MATs are commonly associated with drugs used to treat mental disorders as well as recreational drugs. Compounds targeting MATs range from medications such as the wide variety of tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine (Prozac) to stimulant medications such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine in its many forms and derivatives methamphetamine (Desoxyn) and lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse). Furthermore, drugs such as MDMA and natural alkaloids such as cocaine exert their effects in part by their interaction with MATs, by blocking the transporters from mopping up dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters from the synapse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aniracetam</span> Medication

Aniracetam, also known as N-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone, is a racetam which is sold in Europe as a prescription drug. It is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States as a prescription medication or dietary supplement. Despite the FDA's lack of approval, the drug is readily available over-the-counter in misbranded dietary supplements.

Racetams, also sometimes known simply as pyrrolidones, are a class of drugs that share a pyrrolidone nucleus. Many, but not all, specifically have a 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide (piracetam) nucleus. Some racetams, such as piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, and phenylpiracetam, are considered nootropics. Phenylpiracetam is also a stimulant. Others, such as levetiracetam, brivaracetam, and seletracetam, are anticonvulsants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenylpiracetam</span> Chemical compound

Phenylpiracetam, also known as fonturacetam and sold under the brand names Phenotropil, Actitropil, and Carphedon among others, is a stimulant and nootropic medication used in Russia and certain other Eastern European countries in the treatment of cerebrovascular deficiency, depression, apathy, and attention, and memory problems, among other indications. It is also used in Russian cosmonauts to improve physical, mental, and cognitive abilities. The drug is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dopaminergic</span> Substance related to dopamine functions

Dopaminergic means "related to dopamine", a common neurotransmitter. Dopaminergic substances or actions increase dopamine-related activity in the brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluacizine</span> Chemical compound

Fluacizine, sold under the brand name Phtorazisin, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) of the phenothiazine group which is or was marketed in Russia. Unlike other phenothiazines, fluacizine is not an antipsychotic, and can actually reverse catalepsy and extrapyramidal symptoms induced by antidopaminergic agents like antipsychotics, reserpine, and tetrabenazine as well as potentiate amphetamine-induced stereotypy. It is known to act as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, antihistamine, and anticholinergic. The drug was developed in the 1960s and was marketed in the 1970s. It is the trifluoromethyl analogue of chloracizine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenibut</span> CNS depressant medication

Phenibut, sold under the brand name Anvifen among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant with anxiolytic effects, and is used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and for a variety of other indications. It is usually taken orally, but may be given intravenously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picamilon</span> Chemical compound

Picamilon is a drug formed by a synthetic combination of niacin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1969 and further studied in both Russia and Japan as a prodrug of GABA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pargyline</span> Chemical compound

Pargyline, sold under the brand name Eutonyl among others, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) medication which has been used to treat hypertension but is no longer marketed. It has also been studied as an antidepressant, but was never licensed for use in the treatment of depression. The drug is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bromantane</span> Stimulant drug

Bromantane, sold under the brand name Ladasten, is an atypical central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and anxiolytic drug of the adamantane family that is related to amantadine and memantine. Medically, it is approved in Russia for the treatment of neurasthenia. Although the effects of bromantane have been determined to be dependent on the dopaminergic and possibly serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, its exact mechanism of action is unknown, and is distinct in its properties relative to typical stimulants such as amphetamine. Bromantane has sometimes been described as an actoprotector.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor</span> Drug that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine

A norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) is a drug used for the treatment of clinical depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and the management of Parkinson's disease. The drug acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine by blocking the action of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and the dopamine transporter (DAT), respectively. This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of both norepinephrine and dopamine and, therefore, an increase in adrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G-130</span> Chemical compound

G-130 is a drug with stimulant and anorectic effects, related to phenmetrazine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adapromine</span> Chemical compound

Adapromine is an antiviral drug of the adamantane group related to amantadine (1-aminoadamantane), rimantadine, and memantine (1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane) that is marketed in Russia for the treatment and prevention of influenza. It is an alkyl analogue of rimantadine and is similar to rimantadine in its antiviral activity but possesses a broader spectrum of action, being effective against influenza viruses of both type A and B. Strains of type A influenza virus with resistance to adapromine and rimantadine and the related drug deitiforine were encountered in Mongolia and the Soviet Union in the 1980s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GABA analogue</span> Class of drugs

A GABA analogue is a compound which is an analogue or derivative of the neurotransmitter gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glufimet</span> Chemical compound

Glufimet, also known as dimethyl 3-phenylglutamate hydrochloride, is a derivative of glutamic acid (glutamate) which was developed in Russia and is related to the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative phenibut (3-phenyl-GABA). It contains phenibut and glycine fragments in its chemical structure, has been described, as a "GABA precursor", and is said to modulate the GABA and nitric oxide (NO) systems and to have antioxidant activity. It has been suggested that metabotropic glutamate receptors may also play a role in the mechanism of action of glufimet. Stress-protective effects have been described for glufimet in animals.

Amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) are a group of synthetic drugs that are chemical derivatives of the parent compound alpha-methylphenethylamine, also known as amphetamine. Common ATS includes amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA). ATS when used illicitly has street names including ice, meth, crystal, crank, bennies, and speed. Within the group of amphetamine-type stimulants, there are also prescription drugs including mixed amphetamine salts, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RGPU-95</span> Racetam sold online as a nootropic

RGPU-95, also known as p-chlorophenylpiracetam, is a racetam and a derivative of phenylpiracetam. It was developed by Russian researchers as a potential antidepressant and anxiolytic agent and was first described in the scientific literature by 2010. The drug is described as 5 to 10 times more potent in its activity than phenylpiracetam in animals. It has been identified as a novel psychoactive drug and nootropic sold on the Internet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenatine</span> Amphetamine psychostimulant

Phenatine, or phenatin, also known as N-nicotinoylamphetamine and sold under the brand name Fenatine, is a psychostimulant of the amphetamine family which was developed and used in the Soviet Union. It was used in the treatment of depression, narcolepsy, post-encephalitis sequelae, alcoholic psychoses, asthenia, and other conditions.

References

  1. ↑ Jędrejko K, Catlin O, Stewart T, Anderson A, Muszyńska B, Catlin DH (August 2023). "Unauthorized ingredients in "nootropic" dietary supplements: A review of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, international regulations, and potential as doping agents". Drug Test Anal. 15 (8): 803–839. doi:10.1002/dta.3529. PMID   37357012.
  2. ↑ Voronina, T. A. (2023). "Cognitive Impairment and Nootropic Drugs: Mechanism of Action and Spectrum of Effects". Neurochemical Journal. 17 (2). Pleiades Publishing Ltd: 180–188. doi: 10.1134/s1819712423020198 . ISSN   1819-7124.
  3. ↑ Napoletano F, Schifano F, Corkery JM, Guirguis A, Arillotta D, Zangani C, Vento A (2020). "The Psychonauts' World of Cognitive Enhancers". Front Psychiatry. 11: 546796. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.546796 . PMC   7516264 . PMID   33024436.
  4. ↑ Jansone B, Kuum M, Maciulaitis R (November 2016). "Pharmacology in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania: From historical roots to nowadays achievements". Pharmacol Res. 113 (Pt B): 723–730. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.024. PMID   27168226.
  5. ↑ Oliynyk S, Oh S (September 2012). "The pharmacology of actoprotectors: practical application for improvement of mental and physical performance". Biomol Ther (Seoul). 20 (5): 446–456. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.446. PMC   3762282 . PMID   24009833.
  6. ↑ Akarachkova ES (2011). "Chronic Fatigue and Approaches to Its Treatment". Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 41 (9). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 899–905. doi:10.1007/s11055-011-9506-6. ISSN   0097-0549.
  7. ↑ Lovelace, Berkeley Jr. (11 August 2020). "Scientists worry whether Russia's 'Sputnik V' coronavirus vaccine is safe and effective". CNBC. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  8. ↑ Eckel, Mike (15 April 2021). "Good Science, Bad Marketing? Russia's Sputnik Vaccine Is Plagued By Controversy, Missteps". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  9. ↑ "MRZ 9547". AdisInsight. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  10. ↑ "Omberacetam". AdisInsight. 20 July 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  11. ↑ "Armesocarb - Melior Pharmaceuticals". AdisInsight. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  12. 1 2 3 Aleksandrova AY, Smirnova SM (1968). "[Pharmacological characteristics of the condensation product of Fenamin [amphetamine] and γ-aminobutyric acid]" (PDF). Farmakologiya I Toksikologiya. 31 (5): 525–526.
  13. ↑ Masiuta GF, Pesina KG (1965). "K farmakologii alafena, produkta kondensatsii fenamina s beta-alaninom" [Concerning pharmacology of alaphen, a product of phenamine and beta-alanine condensation]. Farmakol Toksikol (in Russian). 28 (5): 517–520. PMID   5875806.
  14. ↑ Masiuta GF (1966). "Vliianie alafena na nekotorye funktsii tsentral'noĭ nervnoĭ sistemy" [Effect of alaphen on some functions of central nervous system]. Farmakol Toksikol (in Russian). 29 (5): 524–527. PMID   5995061.
  15. ↑ Arbuzov SI, Masiuta GF (1968). "Ob antiserotoninovom deĭstvii alafena" [On the antiserotonin effect of alaphen]. Farmakol Toksikol (in Russian). 31 (5): 527–529. PMID   5707720.
  16. ↑ Kopelevich VM (31 July 1979). "Advances in the Search for Medicinal Drugs Based on γ-Aminobutyric Acid". Russian Chemical Reviews. 48 (7). Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii: 679–691. Bibcode:1979RuCRv..48..679K. doi:10.1070/rc1979v048n07abeh002392. ISSN   0036-021X. Gamophen (XLVII), the product of the condensation of GABA with phenamine, readily permeates through HEB and inhibits the orienting effects in white mice. The preparation has a hypothermic activity and potentiates the action of barbamyl and chloral hydrate, but, in contrast to the majority of depressants, it enhances the convulsant activity of corazole168.
  17. ↑ Tiurenkov IN, Bagmetova VV, Chernysheva IV, Iarkova MA (2013). "[Some aspects of the psychostimulant effect of a phenyl derivative of glutamic acid (RGPU-135, glutarone) in experimental animals]". Eksp Klin Farmakol (in Russian). 76 (11): 7–12. PMID   24555226.
  18. ↑ Bagmetova VV, Chernysheva IV, Merkushenkova OV, Berestovitskaia VM, Tiurenkov IN (2013). "[Antidepressant properties of beta-phenylglutamic acid hydrochloride (RGPU-135, glutarone) in comparison to imipramine, tianeptine, and fluoxetine]". Eksp Klin Farmakol (in Russian). 76 (3): 7–9. PMID   23767095.
  19. ↑ Tyurenkov IN, Bagmetova VV, Chernyshova YV, Merkushenkova OV (December 2014). "Dose-dependent effects of β-phenylglutamic acid hydrochloride (RGPU-135, neuroglutam) on animal behavior". Bull Exp Biol Med. 158 (2): 229–233. doi:10.1007/s10517-014-2729-0. PMID   25432279.
  20. ↑ Tyurenkov IN, Bagmetova VV, Chernysheva YV, Merkushenkova OV (April 2014). "Comparison of neurotropic effects of L-glutamic acid and its new derivative β-phenylglutamic acid hydrochloride (RGPU-135, glutarone)". Bull Exp Biol Med. 156 (6): 781–784. doi:10.1007/s10517-014-2449-5. PMID   24824696.
  21. ↑ Guchok MM (1955). "K sravnitel'noi farmakologicheskoi kharakteristike fenatina i metilfenatina" [Comparative pharmacological characteristics of phenatine and methylphenatine]. Farmakol Toksikol (in Russian). 18 (5): 17–23. PMID   13294194.
  22. ↑ Guchok MM (1968). "Vliianie fenatina i metilfenatina na deiatel'nost' vysshikh otdelov tsentral'noĭ nervnoĭ sistemy belykh krys" [Effect of phenatine and methylphenatine on the higher nervous activity in albino rats]. Farmakol Toksikol (in Russian). 31 (1): 3–5. PMID   4233970.
  23. ↑ Arbuzov SI, Generalov VI (1967). "Eksperimental'noe izuchenie farmakologicheskikh svoĭstv pabofena" [An experimental study of the pharmacological properties of pabophen]. Farmakol Toksikol (in Russian). 30 (1): 51–55. PMID   5594359.
  24. ↑ Nikiforov MI, Azhubalis VA, Generalov BI (1968). "Vliianie pabofena na bioélektricheskuiu aktivnost' golovnogo mozga" [Effect of pabophen on the bioelectric activity of the brain]. Farmakol Toksikol (in Russian). 31 (6): 647–650. PMID   5713573.
  25. 1 2 3 Central Intelligence Agency Office of Scientific Intelligence (9 November 1959). "Scientific Intelligence Report: Soviet Research on Radiological Safety". CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov). Retrieved 29 September 2024. A few others have been suggested as having some therapeutic effect but this has not been shown adequately. These include [...] phenatine (benzedrine plus niacin), [...] Appendix C: Substances Investigated for Prophylactic Effect Against Irradiation: [...] phenatine [...] thiophenatine [...] propylphenamine [...] phenamine [...] methylphenatine [...] methylphenatine [...] phenylphenamine [...]
  26. ↑ Tiurenkov IN, Bagmetova VV, Shishkina AV, Berestovitskaia VM, Vasil'eva OS, Ostrogliadov ES (November 2010). "[Gender differences in action Fenotropil and its structural analog--compound RGPU-95 on anxiety-depressive behavior animals]". Eksp Klin Farmakol (in Russian). 73 (11): 10–14. PMID   21254591.
  27. ↑ Mokrousov IS, Perfilova VN, Prokofiev II, Popova TA, Vodopyanova EG, Vasil'eva OS, Tyurenkov IN (July 2019). "Effect of a new cyclic derivative of GABA, RGPU-207, on the functions of cardiac and cerebral mitochondria of stressed animals". J Pharm Pharmacol. 71 (7): 1055–1064. doi:10.1111/jphp.13086. PMID   30864160.
  28. ↑ Kustova MV, Perfilova VN, Prokofiev II, Tyurenkov IN (March 2021). "Effect of RGPU-260, a Novel GABA Derivative, on Functional Reserves of Rat Heart after Chronic Alcohol Intoxication". Bull Exp Biol Med. 170 (5): 631–635. doi:10.1007/s10517-021-05121-7. PMID   33788110.
  29. ↑ Arbuzov SI (1956). "K farmakologii tiofenatina" [Pharmacology of thiophenatine]. Farmakol Toksikol (in Russian). 19 (1): 16–21. PMID   13318005.
  30. ↑ Jablonski, S.; Leonard, R.M.; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) (1961). Russian Drug Index. Public Health Service publication. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service. p. 40. Retrieved 5 October 2024. PHENAMINE (Fenamin) Synonyms: Actedron, Adipan. Allodene. Amphetamine. Benzedrine, Elastonon. Isoamyne. Isomym, Mecodrin, Norephedrane. Phenedrine, Profamina, Propisamine. Psychedrine, Simpatedrin, Sympamine. Sympatedrine. Phosphate : Actemin. Amphetamine Phosphate. Monophos. Raphetamine Phosphate. Sulfate : Atentol, Amphetamine Sulfate, Fenamin. Phenamine, Psychoton, Simpamina. d-l-phenyl-2-aminopropane (phosphate or sulfate): [Chemical structure] [...]

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