Grapefruit

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Grapefruit
Grapefruits - whole-halved-segments.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species:
C. ×paradisi
Binomial name
Citrus ×paradisi
Macfad.

The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large, sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. [1] The interior flesh is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark pink/red.

Contents

Grapefruit is a citrus hybrid that originated in Barbados in the 18th century. It is an accidental cross between the sweet orange (C. × sinensis) and the pomelo or shaddock (C. maxima), both of which were introduced from Asia in the 17th century. [2] It has also been called the forbidden fruit . [1] In the past it was referred to as the pomelo, [3] but that term is now mostly used as the common name for Citrus maxima. [4]

Description

Grapefruit growing in the grape-like clusters from which their name may derive Grapefruit.ebola.jpeg
Grapefruit growing in the grape-like clusters from which their name may derive

The evergreen grapefruit trees usually grow to around 5–6 m (16–20 ft) tall, although they may reach 13–15 m (43–49 ft). [1] The leaves are long (up to 15 cm (5.9 in)), thin, glossy, and dark green. They produce 5 cm (2 in) white four or five petaled flowers. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and generally an oblate spheroid in shape; it ranges in diameter from 10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in). Its flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the cultivars, which include white, pink, and red pulps of varying sweetness (generally, the redder varieties are the sweetest). [1] The 1929 U.S. 'Ruby Red' [1] (of the 'Redblush' variety) was the first grapefruit patent. [5] Grapefruits are one of the most common hosts for fruit flies such as A. suspensa , which lay their eggs in overripe or spoiled grapefruits. [6] The larvae of these flies then consume the fruit to gain nutrients until they can proceed into the pupae stage. This parasitism has led to millions in economic costs for nations in Central America and southern North America. [7]

Varieties

The varieties of Texas and Florida grapefruit include: 'Duncan', 'Flame', 'Henderson', 'Hudson', 'Marsh', 'Oro Blanco', 'Pink', 'Pummelo HB', 'Ray', 'Rio Star', 'Ruby Red', 'Star Ruby', 'Thompson', 'Triumph', 'Walters', 'White Marsh'. [8]

"Red" grapefruit Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit, pink) white bg.jpg
"Red" grapefruit

The 1929 'Ruby Red' (or 'Redblush') patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety. [1] It was a limb sport of a 'Thompson' grapefruit selected by A.E. Henninger. The 'Thompson' was a limb sport from a 'Marsh' grapefruit selected in 1913.[ citation needed ] The Texas Legislature designated this grapefruit variety the official "State Fruit of Texas" in 1993. [9]

Using radiation to trigger mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones that typically faded to pink. [10] The 'Rio Red' variety is a 1984 registered Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The 'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide adaptation. [11]

The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties. [1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit ('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'), [12] it has found limited commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties. [13] [14]

Nutrition

Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 138 kJ (33 kcal)
8.41 g
Sugars 7.31 g
Dietary fiber 1.1 g
Fat
0.10 g
0.8 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.037 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.020 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.269 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
6%
0.283 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.043 mg
Folate (B9)
3%
10 μg
Choline
1%
7.7 mg
Vitamin C
37%
33.3 mg
Vitamin E
1%
0.13 mg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
12 mg
Iron
0%
0.06 mg
Magnesium
2%
9 mg
Manganese
1%
0.013 mg
Phosphorus
1%
8 mg
Potassium
5%
148 mg
Zinc
1%
0.07 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water90.48 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [15] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [16]

Raw white grapefruit is 90% water, 8% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw grapefruit provides 33 kilocalories and is a rich source of vitamin C (40% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant amounts. A grapefruit supplies about 10% of your daily potassium needs, along with 8% of your requirements for thiamine and folate. [17] Grapefruit juice contains about half the citric acid of lime or lemon juice, and about 93% more citric acid than orange juice. [18]

Caramelized grapefruit served at a diner Caramelized Grapefruit at Palace Diner in Biddeford ME.jpg
Caramelized grapefruit served at a diner

Uses

Culinary

In Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche , resulting in a dessert called toronja rellena (stuffed grapefruit). [19] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque). [20] [21]

Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart, resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid), and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas. [22] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits. [23]

Drug interactions

Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs, possibly resulting in adverse effects. [24] [25] Possible effects include abnormal heart rhythms, bleeding inside the stomach, low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and dizziness, among others. [25]

One interaction occurs from grapefruit furanocoumarins, such as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both flesh and peel. Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme (among others from the P450 enzyme family responsible for metabolizing 90% of drugs). The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many medications. [25] If the drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of the drug in the blood may become and remain high, leading to adverse effects. [24] [25] On the other hand, some drugs must be metabolized to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced drug effects. [24] [25]

The other effect is that grapefruit compounds may inhibit the absorption of drugs in the intestine. If the drug is not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect. Each affected drug has either a specific increase of effect or decrease. [26]

One whole grapefruit or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose toxicity. [24] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container or package insert. [24] [25]

Grapefruit production – 2022
CountryMillions of tonnes
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 5.2
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 1.1
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 0.5
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 0.4
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States 0.3
World9.8
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations [27]

Production

In 2022, world production of grapefruits (combined with pomelos) was 9.8 million tonnes, led by China with 53% of the world total with Vietnam as a secondary producer.

History

Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid. [28] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian pomelo (C. maxima). [1] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692. One story of the fruit's origin is that a certain "Captain Shaddock" [1] brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks. [29] This apparently referred to a captain who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century. [30] The grapefruit then probably originated as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced there. [1] [2]

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens from Barbados in The Natural History of Barbados. [1] [31] [32] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it. [33]

Kimball Chase Atwood Kimball C. Atwood.jpg
Kimball Chase Atwood

In 1814, naturalist John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus plant. [29] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape ( Vitis vinifera ). [34] An alternative explanation offered by Tussac (1824) is that this name may allude to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes. [35] After this, authors of the period used both terms forbidden fruit and grapefruit as synonyms.[ citation needed ]

In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by botanist James Macfadyen. [36] Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other called Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with the Barbados grapefruit being piriform (pear shaped) while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis." Macfadyen's and Hughes's description differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant. Kumamoto et al. (1987) suggest that Hughes's golden orange was actually a grapefruit while his forbidden fruit was a different plant that had since became extinct and frequently confused with grapefruits. Later, Kim (1990) found a different citrus called forbidden fruit or shaddette in Saint Lucia that is closely related to grapefruits and may be the plant described by Hughes and Macfadyen.[ citation needed ]

The name grape-fruit was used more and more during the 19th century to refer to pomelos, to the consternation of some. [37] It was brought to Florida by Count Odet Philippe in 1823, in what is now known as Safety Harbor. [1] Further crosses have produced the tangelo (1905), the Minneola tangelo (1931), and the oroblanco (1984). Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s. This led to the official name being altered to Citrus × paradisi, the × identifying its hybrid origin. [38] [39] An early pioneer in the American citrus industry was Kimball C. Atwood, a wealthy entrepreneur who founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late 19th century. The Atwood Grove became the largest grapefruit grove in the world, with a yearly output of 80,000 boxes of fruit. [40] There, pink grapefruit was first discovered in 1906. [1]

Grapefruit is a pomelo backcross, a hybrid of pomelo and sweet orange, which is in turn a pomelo × mandarin hybrid.

The grapefruit is a parent to many hybrids:

Related citrus fruits include:

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Citrus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, mandarins, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clementine</span> Hybrid citrus fruit

A clementine is a tangor, a citrus fruit hybrid between a willowleaf mandarin orange and a sweet orange, named in honor of Clément Rodier, a French missionary who first discovered and propagated the cultivar in Algeria. The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance. Clementines can be separated into 7 to 14 segments. Similar to tangerines, they tend to be easy to peel. They are typically juicy and sweet, with less acid than oranges. Their oils, like other citrus fruits, contain mostly limonene as well as myrcene, linalool, α-pinene and many complex aromatics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandarin orange</span> Small citrus fruit

The mandarin orange, also known as mandarin or mandarine, is a small, rounded citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange, it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. Tangerines are a group of orange-colored citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange with some pomelo contribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangerine</span> Orange-colored citrus fruit

The tangerine is a type of citrus fruit that is orange in color, that is considered either a variety of Citrus reticulata, the mandarin orange, or a closely related species, under the name Citrus tangerina, or yet as a hybrid of mandarin orange varieties, with some pomelo contribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jamaican tangelo</span> Citrus fruit and plant

The Jamaican tangelo, also known by proprietary names uglifruit, uglifruit, and uniq fruit, is a citrus fruit that arose on the island of Jamaica through the natural hybridization of a tangerine or orange with a grapefruit, and is thus a tangelo. The original tree is believed to have been a hybrid formed from varieties of Seville orange, grapefruit and tangerine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bitter orange</span> Hybrid citrus plant

Bitter orange, sour orange, Seville orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange is in a narrow sense the citrus tree Citrus × aurantium and its fruit. It is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread by humans to many parts of the world. It is probably a cross between the pomelo, Citrus maxima, and the mandarin orange, Citrus reticulata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangelo</span> Citrus fruit hybrid

The tangelo, Citrus × tangelo, is a citrus fruit hybrid of a Citrus reticulata variety, such as mandarin orange or tangerine, and a Citrus maxima variety, such as a pomelo or grapefruit. The name is a portmanteau of 'tangerine' and 'pomelo'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pomelo</span> Citrus fruit from Southeast Asia

The pomelo, also known as a shaddock and from the family Rutaceae, is the largest citrus fruit, and the principal ancestor of the grapefruit. It is a natural, non-hybrid, citrus fruit, native to Southeast Asia. Similar in taste to a sweet grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly consumed and used for festive occasions throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia. As with the grapefruit, phytochemicals in the pomelo have the potential for drug interactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangor</span> Citrus fruit cross between mandarin and sweet orange

The tangor is a citrus fruit hybrid of the mandarin orange and the sweet orange. The name "tangor" is a formation from the "tang" of tangerine and the "or" of "orange." Also called the temple orange, its thick rind is easy to peel and its bright orange pulp is sour-sweet and full-flavoured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oroblanco</span> Cross between pomelo and grapefruit

The oroblanco, oro blanco, or sweetie is a citrus hybrid, resulting from a cross between an acidless pomelo and a Marsh grapefruit. Its fruit is oblate and mostly seedless, with a thick rind that remains green long after it has already matured. It has a sweet, mild taste, and lacks the bitterness generally associated with grapefruit. It requires less heat for growth than other varieties of grapefruit and are harvestable sooner. Oroblancos grown in moderate climates tend to yield the highest-quality fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valencia orange</span> Hybrid orange

The Valencia orange is a sweet orange cultivar named after the famed oranges in València, Spain. It was first hybridized by pioneer American agronomist and land developer William Wolfskill in the mid-19th century on his farm in Santa Ana, southern California, United States, North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grapefruit–drug interactions</span> Drug interactions with grapefruit juice

Some fruit juices and fruits can interact with numerous drugs, in many cases causing adverse effects. The effect is most studied with grapefruit and grapefruit juice, but similar effects have been observed with certain other citrus fruits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange (fruit)</span> Citrus fruit

An orange, also called sweet orange to distinguish it from the bitter orange, is the fruit of a tree in the family Rutaceae. Botanically, this is the hybrid Citrus × sinensis, between the pomelo and the mandarin orange. The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sweet lemon</span> Index of plants with the same common name

Sweet lemon and sweet lime refer to groups of citrus hybrids that contain low acid pulp and juice. They are hybrids often similar to non-sweet lemons or limes, but with less citron parentage. Sweet limes and lemons are not sharply separated:

The sweet lime, Citrus limettioides Tan., is often confused with the sweet lemon, C. limetta Tan., which, in certain areas, is referred to as "sweet lime". In some of the literature, it is impossible to tell which fruit is under discussion.

A mandelo is a citrus fruit that is smaller than a grapefruit, has yellow or yellow-green coloured skin and bright yellow or yellow-orange flesh, but is sweeter than a grapefruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melogold</span> Citrus fruit and plant

The Melogold or Melogold grapefruit is a citrus hybrid similar to the oroblanco; both result from a cross between the pomelo and the grapefruit and is a fruit similar to a sweet grapefruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citrus taxonomy</span> Botanical classification of the genus Citrus

Citrus taxonomy refers to the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus Citrus and related genera, found in cultivation and in the wild.

Citrus rootstock are plants used as rootstock for citrus plants. A rootstock plant must be compatible for scion grafting, and resistant to common threats, such as drought, frost, and common citrus diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand grapefruit</span> Citrus fruit

The New Zealand grapefruit, also known as the Poorman, Poorman orange, poorman's orange, poor man's orange, and goldfruit, is a type of citrus fruit grown in New Zealand. Despite its name, it is not genetically a true grapefruit, but rather is believed to be a hybrid between a pomelo and a mandarin or tangelo.

The forbidden fruit is a variety of citrus fruit native to Saint Lucia and once thought to be the origin of the grapefruit.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Morton, Julia Frances (1987). Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, In: Fruits of Warm Climates. NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. pp. 152–158. ISBN   978-0-9610184-1-2. OCLC   16947184. Archived from the original on 2000-10-06. Retrieved 2003-03-28.
  2. 1 2 Carrington, Sean; Fraser, Henry C. (2003). "Grapefruit". A~Z of Barbados Heritage. Macmillan Caribbean. pp. 90–91. ISBN   978-0-333-92068-8. One of many citrus species grown in Barbados. This fruit is believed to have originated in Barbados as a natural cross between sweet orange (C. sinesis) and pomelo (C. grandis), both of which originated in Asia and were introduced by Europeans in the 17th century. The grapefruit first appeared as an illustration entitled 'The Forbidden Fruit Tree' in The Natural History of Barbados (1750) by Rev. Griffith Hughes. This accords with the scientific name, which literally is 'citrus of paradise'. The fruit seems to have been fairly commonly available around that time, since George Washington in his Barbados Journal (1750-1751) mentions 'the Forbidden Fruit' as one of the local fruit available at a dinner party he attended. The plant was later described in the 1837 Flora of Jamaica as the Barbados Grapefruit. The historical arguments and experimental work on leaf enzymes and oils from possible parents all support a Barbadian origin for the fruit.
  3. ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1973) defines "pomelo" simply as "The grapefruit".
  4. ↑ Li, Xiaomeng; Xie R.; Lu Z.; Zhou Z. (July 2010). "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 135 (4): 341. doi: 10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341 .
  5. ↑ Texas grapefruit history Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine , TexaSweet. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  6. ↑ van Whervin, L. Walter (March 1974). "Some Fruitflies (Tephritidae) in Jamaica". PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries. 20 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1080/09670877409412331. ISSN   0030-7793.
  7. ↑ McPheron, BA, Steck GJ (1996). Fruit fly pests: a world assessment of their biology and management. St. Lucie, Florida: St. Lucie Press. ISBN   1574440144. OCLC   34343237.
  8. ↑ "Go Florida Grapefruit". Go Florida Grapefruit. Archived from the original on 2011-09-10. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  9. ↑ Hatch, Rosie (Ed.) (2022). Texas Almanac 2022-2023. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 21. ISBN   9781625110664.
  10. ↑ William J Broad (28 August 2007). "Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  11. ↑ "MVD". mvgs.iaea.org. Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  12. ↑ Ahloowalia, B.S.; Maluszynski, M.; Nichterlein, K. (2004). "Global impact of mutation-derived varieties". Euphytica. 135 (2): 187–204. doi:10.1023/B:EUPH.0000014914.85465.4f. S2CID   34494057.
  13. ↑ Sauls, Julian W. (1998). "Home fruit Production-Grapefruit". Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  14. ↑ Citrus Variety Collection. "Star Ruby grapefruit". Archived from the original on 2013-06-19. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  15. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  16. ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  17. ↑ "Grapefruit Benefits". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2022-11-17. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  18. ↑ Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG (2008). "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products". Journal of Endourology. 22 (3): 567–570. doi:10.1089/end.2007.0304. PMC   2637791 . PMID   18290732.
  19. ↑ Ben Box, ed. (1993). "Costa Rica - The Meseta Central". 1994 Mexico & Central America Handbook. Sarah Cameron, Sebastian Ballard (4 ed.). Bath, England: Trade and Travel Publications Ltd. p. 682. ISBN   978-0900751462.
  20. ↑ Monrose, Gregory Salomon (ed.). "Standardisation d'une formulation de confiture de chadèque et évaluation des paramètres physico-chimiques, microbiologiques et sensoriels" (in French). Université d'Etat d'Haiti (UEH / FAMV) - Ingenieur Agronome 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017– via Memoire Online.
  21. ↑ Bidault, Blandine; Gattegno, Isabelle, eds. (1984). Le point sur la transformation des fruits tropicaux (in French). Paris: Groupe de recherche et d'echanges technologiques (GRET). p. 46.
  22. ↑ Zheng, Huiwen; Zhang, Qiuyun; Quan, Junping; Zheng, Qiao; Xi, Wanpeng (2016). "Determination of sugars, organic acids, aroma components, and carotenoids in grapefruit pulps". Food Chemistry. 205: 112–121. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.007. ISSN   0308-8146. PMID   27006221. S2CID   41172984.
  23. ↑ A. Buettner; P. Schieberle (1999). "Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfayden)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 (12): 5189–5193. doi:10.1021/jf990071l. PMID   10606593.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Bailey, D. G.; Dresser, G.; Arnold, J. M. O. (2012). "Grapefruit-medication interactions: Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences?". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 185 (4): 309–316. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120951. ISSN   0820-3946. PMC   3589309 . PMID   23184849.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Drug interactions with grapefruit juice". Drugs.com. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  26. ↑ "How the "Don't take this medication with grapefruit juice" warning originated | Science-Based Medicine". sciencebasedmedicine.org. 2022-09-29. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  27. ↑ "Grapefruit production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  28. ↑ Xiaomeng Li; Rangjin Xie; Zhenhua Lu; Zhiqin Zhou. "Genetic origin of cultivated citrus determined: Researchers find evidence of origins of orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, other citrus species". Science Daily. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  29. 1 2 Grapefruit: a fruit with a bit of a complex in Art Culinaire (Winter, 2007)
  30. ↑ Kumamoto, J.; Scora, R. W.; Lawton, H. W.; Clerx, W. A. (1987-01-01). "Mystery of the forbidden fruit: Historical epilogue on the origin of the grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae)". Economic Botany. 41 (1): 97–107. Bibcode:1987EcBot..41...97K. doi:10.1007/BF02859356. ISSN   0013-0001. S2CID   42178548.
  31. ↑ "World Wide Words: Grapefruit". World Wide Words. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  32. ↑ Admin (2010). "Welchman Hall Gully, Barbados". Barbados National Trust. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010. The Development of the Gully - The Gully was once part of a plantation owned by a Welshman called General William Asygell Williams over 200 years ago. Hence the name "Welchman Hall" gully. It was this man who first developed the gully with exotic trees and an orchard. Interestingly, the grapefruit is originally from Barbados and is rumoured to have started in Welchman Hall Gully.
  33. ↑ Bowman, Kim D.; Gmitter, Frederick Jr. (April 1990). "Forbidden Fruit (Citrus sp., Rutaceae) Rediscovered in Saint Lucia". Economic Botany. 44 (2): 165–173. Bibcode:1990EcBot..44..165B. doi:10.1007/BF02860484. JSTOR   4255226. S2CID   33098910. Archived from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  34. ↑ Lunan, John (1814). Hortus Jamaicensis. Jamaica: St. Iago de la Vega Gazette. pp. 171–173. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  35. ↑ "How did the grapefruit get its name?". Library of Congress . Everyday Mysteries. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  36. ↑ Macfadyen, J 1830. Some remarks on the species of genus Citrus which are cultivated in Jamaica. Bot. Misc. 1:295–304.
  37. ↑ California (1895). "Report of the Secretary–the pomelo". Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly of the twenty-first Session of the Legislature of the State of California. Vol. V. Sacramento, California: Legislature of the State of California. p. 65. Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2020-10-07. The pomelo is now marketed under the name "grape-fruit," which is a misnomer. This is confusing and misleading. The name "grape-fruit" was given to this fruit in Florida, as it hangs on trees in clusters resembling the grape, but has no relation to it whatever. Growers and shippers should drop the name "grape-fruit" and apply to it the name pomelo, which is popular, and botanically correct.
  38. ↑ "Texas Citrus: Puzzling Beginnings". Archived from the original on 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  39. ↑ University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. "Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-28.
  40. ↑ "Manatee County a big part of citrus history". HeraldTribune.com. 2004-08-16. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Morton, Julia F. (1987). Tangelo; In: Fruits of Warm Climates. Miami, Florida. pp. 158–160. ISBN   0-9610184-1-0. Archived from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2019-09-30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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