Mandarin orange

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Mandarin orange
Citrus reticulata April 2013 Nordbaden.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species:
C. reticulata
Binomial name
Citrus reticulata
Blanco, 1837

A mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), often simply called mandarin, is a small, rounded citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange, it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. The mandarin is small and oblate, unlike the roughly spherical sweet orange (which is a mandarin-pomelo hybrid). The taste is sweeter and stronger than the common orange. A ripe mandarin orange is firm to slightly soft, heavy for its size, and pebbly-skinned. The peel is thin and loose, with little white mesocarp, so they are usually easier to peel and to split into segments. Hybrids have these traits to lesser degrees. The mandarin orange is tender and is damaged easily by cold. It can be grown in tropical and subtropical areas.

Contents

According to genetic studies, the wild mandarin was one of the original citrus species; through breeding or natural hybridization, it is the ancestor of many hybrid citrus cultivars. With the citron and pomelo, it is the ancestor of the most commercially important hybrids (such as sweet and sour oranges, grapefruit, and many lemons and limes). Though the ancestral mandarin orange was bitter, most commercial mandarin strains derive from hybridization with the pomelo, which gives them sweet fruit.

Etymology

The name mandarin orange is a calque of Swedish mandarin apelsin [apelsin from German Apfelsine (Apfel + Sina ), meaning Chinese apple], first attested in the 18th century. The Imperial Chinese term "mandarine" was first adopted by the French for this fruit. The reason for the epithet is not clear. [1]

Citrus reticulata is from Latin, where reticulata means "netted". [2]

Description

Tree

Fruiting mandarin tree in Crete Mandarinier Gortyne.jpg
Fruiting mandarin tree in Crete

Citrus reticulata is a moderate-sized tree some 7.6 metres (25 ft) in height. [3] [2] The tree trunk and major branches have thorns. [3] The leaves are shiny, green, and rather small. [3] The petioles are short, almost wingless or slightly winged. [3] The flowers are borne singly or in small groups in the leaf-axils. [3] Citrus are usually self-fertile (needing only a bee to move pollen within the same flower) or parthenocarpic (not needing pollination and therefore seedless, such as the satsuma). A mature mandarin tree can yield up to 79 kilograms (175 lb) of fruit. [4]

Fruit

Mandarin oranges in a mesh bag Mandarin oranges in mesh bag.jpg
Mandarin oranges in a mesh bag

Mandarin orange fruits are small 40–80 millimetres (1.6–3.1 in). [3] Their color is orange, yellow-orange, or red-orange. [5] The skin is thin and peels off easily. [3] Their easiness to peel is an important advantage of mandarin oranges over other citrus fruits. [5] Just like with other citrus fruits, mandarin is separated easily from the segments. [3] The fruits may be seedless or contain a small number of seeds. Though the ancestral mandarin orange was bitter, most commercial mandarin strains derive from hybridization with pomelo, which gives them sweet fruit. [6] They can be eaten as whole or squeezed to make juice. [3] [5] A ripe mandarin orange is firm to slightly soft, heavy for its size, and pebbly-skinned. The peel is thin and loose, with little white mesocarp, so they are easy to peel and to split into segments. [7]

Evolution

Origins

Many Citrus species are hybrids of mandarin and either citron or pomelo. Some mandarins are the original wild species, but most are hybrids. Hybrid origins of Citrus.svg
Many Citrus species are hybrids of mandarin and either citron or pomelo. Some mandarins are the original wild species, but most are hybrids.

The wild mandarin is one of the pure ancestral citrus taxa; they evolved in a restricted region of South China and Vietnam. [9] [10] [6]

Domestication

Mandarins appear to have been domesticated at least twice, in the north and south Nanling Mountains, derived from separate wild subspecies. Wild mandarins are still found there, including Daoxian mandarines (sometimes given the species name Citrus daoxianensis) as well as some members of the group traditionally called 'Mangshan wild mandarins', a generic grouping for the wild mandarin-like fruit of the Mangshan area that includes both true mandarins (mangshanyeju, [11] the southern subspecies) and the genetically distinct and only distantly-related Mangshanyegan. The wild mandarins were found free of the introgressed pomelo (C. maxima) DNA found in domestic mandarins. Still, they did appear to have small amounts (~1.8%) of introgression from the ichang papeda, which grows wild in the same region. [12]

The Nanling Mountains are home to northern and southern genetic clusters of domestic mandarins that have similar levels of sugars in the fruit compared to their wild relatives but appreciably (in some almost 90-fold) lower levels of citric acid. The clusters display different patterns of pomelo introgression, have different deduced historical population histories, and are most closely related to distinct wild mandarins, suggesting two independent domestications in the north and south. [12] All tested domesticated cultivars belong to one of these two genetic clusters, with varieties such as Nanfengmiju, Kishu and Satsuma from the northern domestication event producing larger, redder fruit, while varieties such as Willowleaf, Dancy, Sunki, Cleopatra, King, and Ponkan belong to the smaller, yellower-fruited southern cluster. [12]

Taxonomy

The Tanaka classification system divided domestic mandarins and similar fruit into numerous species, giving distinct names to cultivars such as willowleaf mandarins (C. deliciosa), satsumas (C. unshiu), tangerines (C. tangerina). Under the Swingle system, all these are considered to be varieties of a single species, Citrus reticulata. [13] Hodgson represented them as several subgroups: common (C. reticulata), Satsuma, King (C. nobilis), Mediterranean (willowleaf), small-fruited (C. indica, C. tachibana and C. reshni), and mandarin hybrids. [14] In the genomic-based species taxonomy of Ollitrault et al., only pure wild type mandarins would fall under C. reticulata, while the pomelo admixture found in the majority of mandarins would cause them to be classified as varieties of the hybrid bitter orange, C. aurantium. [15]

Genetic analysis is consistent with continental mandarins representing a single species, varying due to hybridization. [8] An island species, Citrus ryukyuensis that diverged 2 to 3 million years ago when cut off by rising sea levels, was found onOkinawa Island. Its hybridization with the mainland species has produced unique island cultivars in Japan and Taiwan, such as the Tachibana orange [11] the Shekwasha, [11] and Nanfengmiju. [16] They have some pomelo DNA, like all domesticated mandarins. [12] Northern and southern domesticates contain different pomelo contributions. [12] An 'acidic' group including Sunki and Cleopatra mandarins likewise contain small regions of introgressed pomelo DNA; they are too sour to eat, but are widely used as rootstock and grown for juice. [13] [8] Another group, including some tangerines, satsuma and king mandarins, show more pomelo contribution. [8] Hybrid mandarins thus fall on a continuum of increasing pomelo contribution with clementines, sweet and sour oranges, and grapefruit. [10] [17] [8]

Production

In 2022, world production of mandarin oranges (combined with tangerines, clementines, and satsumas in reporting to FAOSTAT) was 44.2 million tonnes, led by China with 61% of the global total. [18] Spain produced 1.8 million tonnes in 2022, with Turkey, Egypt, and Morocco as other significant producers. [18]

Uses

Nutrition

Mandarin oranges, raw
Mandarins - whole and halved.jpg
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 223 kJ (53 kcal)
13.34 g
Sugars 10.58 g
Dietary fibre 1.8 g
Fat
0.31 g
0.81 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
4%
34 μg
1%
155 μg
Thiamine (B1)
5%
0.058 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.036 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.376 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.216 mg
Vitamin B6
5%
0.078 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
16 μg
Choline
2%
10.2 mg
Vitamin C
30%
26.7 mg
Vitamin E
1%
0.2 mg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
37 mg
Iron
1%
0.15 mg
Magnesium
3%
12 mg
Manganese
2%
0.039 mg
Phosphorus
2%
20 mg
Potassium
6%
166 mg
Sodium
0%
2 mg
Zinc
1%
0.07 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water85.2 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [19] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [20]

A mandarin orange contains 85% water, 13% carbohydrates, and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients, only vitamin C is in significant content (32% of the Daily Value) in a 100-gram reference serving, with all other nutrients in low amounts.

Culinary

Mandarins have a stronger and sweeter taste than sweet oranges. [5] Mandarins are peeled and eaten fresh or used in salads, desserts and main dishes. [3] Fresh mandarins are used in the production of the liqueur Mandarine Napoléon. [21]

The peel is used fresh, whole or as zest, or dried as chenpi. It can be used as a spice for cooking, baking, drinks, or candy. Essential oil from the fresh peel may be used as a flavouring for candy, in gelatins, ice cream, chewing gum, and baked goods. [3] It is used as a flavouring in some liqueurs. [3]

Cultural significance

In North America, mandarins are commonly purchased in 5- or 10-pound boxes, [5] individually wrapped in soft green paper, and given in Christmas stockings. This custom goes back to the 1880s when Japanese immigrants in Canada and the United States began receiving Japanese mandarin oranges from their families back home as gifts for the New Year. The tradition spread among the non-Japanese population and eastwards across the country: each November harvest, "The oranges were quickly unloaded and shipped east by rail. 'Orange Trains' – trains with boxcars painted orange – alerted everyone along the way that the irresistible oranges from Japan were back again for the holidays. For many, the arrival of Japanese mandarin oranges signalled the beginning of the holiday season." [22] Satsumas were grown in the United States from the early 1900s. Still, Japan remained a major supplier. [23] U.S. imports of these Japanese oranges was suspended due to hostilities with Japan during World War II. [22] While they were one of the first Japanese goods allowed for export after the end of the war, residual hostility led to the rebranding of these oranges as "Mandarin" oranges instead of "Japanese" oranges. [22] The delivery of the first batch of mandarin oranges from Japan in the port of Vancouver is greeted with a festival that combines Santa Claus and Japanese dancers [24] —young girls dressed in traditional kimono. [25] Historically, the Christmas fruit sold in North America was mostly Dancys, but now it is more often a hybrid. [26] This Japanese tradition merged with European traditions related to the Christmas stocking. Saint Nicholas is said to have put gold coins into the stockings of three poor girls so that they would be able to afford to get married. [27] Sometimes the story is told with gold balls instead of bags of gold, and oranges became a symbolic stand-in for these gold balls, and are put in Christmas stockings in Canada. [27] [24] Their use as Christmas gifts probably spread from the Japanese immigrant community. [28] Mandarin oranges are mentioned in Sinclair Ross' 1942 novel, As for Me and My House , and his 1939 short story, Cornet at Night. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Citrus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, mandarins, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clementine</span> Hybrid citrus fruit

A clementine is a tangor, a citrus fruit hybrid between a willowleaf mandarin orange and a sweet orange, named in honor of Clément Rodier, a French missionary who first discovered and propagated the cultivar in Algeria. The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance. Clementines can be separated into 7 to 14 segments. Similar to tangerines, they tend to be easy to peel. They are typically juicy and sweet, with less acid than oranges. Their oils, like other citrus fruits, contain mostly limonene as well as myrcene, linalool, α-pinene and many complex aromatics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangerine</span> Orange-colored citrus fruit

The tangerine is a type of citrus fruit that is orange in color, that is considered either a variety of Citrus reticulata, the mandarin orange, or a closely related species, under the name Citrus tangerina, or yet as a hybrid of mandarin orange varieties, with some pomelo contribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jamaican tangelo</span> Citrus fruit and plant

The Jamaican tangelo, also known by proprietary names uglifruit, uglifruit, and uniq fruit, is a citrus fruit that arose on the island of Jamaica through the natural hybridization of a tangerine or orange with a grapefruit, and is thus a tangelo. The original tree is believed to have been a hybrid formed from varieties of Seville orange, grapefruit and tangerine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangelo</span> Citrus fruit hybrid

The tangelo, Citrus × tangelo, is a citrus fruit hybrid of a Citrus reticulata variety, such as mandarin orange or tangerine, and a Citrus maxima variety, such as a pomelo or grapefruit. The name is a portmanteau of 'tangerine' and 'pomelo'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pomelo</span> Citrus fruit from Southeast Asia

The pomelo, also known as a shaddock and from the family Rutaceae, is the largest citrus fruit. It is an ancestor of several cultivated citrus species, including the bitter orange and the grapefruit. It is a natural, non-hybrid, citrus fruit, native to Southeast Asia. Similar in taste to a sweet grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly eaten and used for festive occasions throughout Southeast and East Asia. As with the grapefruit, phytochemicals in the pomelo have the potential for drug interactions.

<i>Citrus unshiu</i> Citrus fruit and plant

Citrus unshiu is a semi-seedless and easy-peeling citrus species, also known as the satsuma mandarin or Japanese mandarin. During the Edo period of Japan, kishu mikans were more popular because there was a popular superstition that eating Citrus unshiu without seeds made people prone to infertility. Citrus unshiu became popular in Japan after modernization started in the Meiji period. It was introduced to the West from the Satsuma region of Japan in 1878.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangor</span> Citrus fruit cross between mandarin and sweet orange

The tangor is a citrus fruit hybrid of the mandarin orange and the sweet orange. The name "tangor" is a formation from the "tang" of tangerine and the "or" of "orange." Also called the temple orange, its thick rind is easy to peel and its bright orange pulp is sour-sweet and full-flavoured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rangpur (fruit)</span> Species of fruit and plant

Rangpur, Citrus × limonia or Citrus reticulata × medica, sometimes called the rangpur lime, mandarin lime or lemandarin, is a hybrid between the mandarin orange and the citron. It is a citrus fruit with a very acidic taste and an orange peel and flesh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sweet lemon</span> Index of plants with the same common name

Sweet lemon and sweet lime refer to groups of citrus hybrids that contain low acid pulp and juice. They are hybrids often similar to non-sweet lemons or limes, but with less citron parentage. Sweet limes and lemons are not sharply separated:

The sweet lime, Citrus limettioides Tan., is often confused with the sweet lemon, C. limetta Tan., which, in certain areas, is referred to as "sweet lime". In some of the literature, it is impossible to tell which fruit is under discussion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papeda (citrus)</span> Citrus fruit and plant

Papeda or papaeda is the common name for a group of Citrus species and varieties native to tropical Asia that are hardy and slow-growing, and produce unpalatable fruit. Walter Tennyson Swingle segregated these species into a separate subgenus, Papeda, that included the Ichang lemon, yuzu, kaffir lime, kabosu, sudachi, and a number of wild and uncultivated species and hybrids. Recent genetic analysis shows the papedas to be distributed among distinct branches of the Citrus phylogenetic tree, and hence Swingle's proposed subgenus is polyphyletic and not a valid taxonomic grouping, but the term persists as a common name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cam sành</span> Citrus fruit and plant

Cam sành or King orange is a citrus hybrid originating in Vietnam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kishu mikan</span> Variety of citrus fruit

The kishu mikan, from Japanese Kishū mikan (紀州蜜柑), is a hybrid variety of mikan, or mandarin orange, found in Southern China and also grown in Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Micrantha (citrus)</span> Citrus fruit and plant

The micrantha is a wild citrus from the papeda group, native to southern Philippines, particularly islands of Cebu and Bohol. Two varieties are recognized: small-flowered papeda, locally known as biasong, and small-fruited papeda or samuyao.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citrus taxonomy</span> Botanical classification of the genus Citrus

Citrus taxonomy is the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus Citrus and related genera, found in cultivation and in the wild.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanfengmiju</span> Citrus fruit and plant

The Nanfengmiju is a rare non-hybrid citrus.

<i>Citrus</i> × <i>deliciosa</i> Citrus fruit and plant

Citrus × deliciosa is a citrus hybrid mandarin orange with just under 6 % pomelo ancestry. It is related to the ponkan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tachibana orange</span> Citrus fruit and plant

The tachibana orange is a variety of mandarin orange, a citrus fruit. They grow wild in the forests of Japan and are referred to in the poetry of the early Japanese and Ryukyu Islands kingdoms. The Tanaka System assigns them their own species, while the Swingle System places them in the same species with other mandarin oranges.

<i>Citrus ryukyuensis</i> Species of plant

Citrus ryukyuensis, also known as the tanibuta, is a newly characterized wild citrus species native to the Ryukyus and adjacent islands, most closely related to the mainland mandarin orange, C. reticulata. As with other citrus, it is a member of the Rutaceae family. The Ryukyu and mainland species have diverged for more than 2 million years, and unlike the mainland mandarin, the Ryukyu mandarin reproduces sexually. Its hybridization with the mainland species has given rise to the unique mandarin hybrids of the islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandarin orange varieties</span>

Mandarin oranges are cultivated in many varieties. These include both the original wild mandarins and many hybrid varieties with other Citrus species.

References

  1. ↑ De La Cruz-Cabanillas, Isabel (1 January 2008). "Chinese loanwords in the OED". The Free Library . Farlex, Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Citrus reticulata 'Clementine'". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Mandarin orange; In: Fruits of Warm Climates, p. 142–145". New Crop Resource Online Program. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  4. ↑ "Tango mandarin; Citrus reticulata Blanco". Citrus Variety Collection. College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside. 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Karp, David (3 February 2016). "Mandarin oranges, rising stars of the fruit bowl". The New York Times . Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  6. 1 2 Wang, Lun; He, Fa; Huang, Yue; He, Jiaxian; Yang, Shuizhi; et al. (August 2018). "Genome of Wild Mandarin and Domestication History of Mandarin". Molecular Plant. 11 (8): 1024–1037. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.06.001 . PMID   29885473.
  7. ↑ Karp, David (13 March 2014). "Market watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; Borredá, Carles; et al. (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature . 554 (7692): 311–316. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi: 10.1038/nature25447 . hdl: 20.500.11939/5741 . PMID   29414943. and Supplement
  9. ↑ Fuller, Dorian Q.; Castillo, Cristina; Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor; Qin, Ling; Weisskopf, Alison (2017). "Charred pomelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia". In Zech-Matterne, Véronique; Fiorentino, Girolamo (eds.). AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean (PDF). Publications du Centre Jean Bérard. pp. 29–48. doi:10.4000/books.pcjb.2107. ISBN   9782918887775.
  10. 1 2 Curk, Franck; Ancillo, Gema; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Perrier, Xavier; Jacquemoud-Collet, Jean-Pierre; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2014). "Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrus species: analysis of chromosome 2". BMC Genetics. 15: 152. doi: 10.1186/s12863-014-0152-1 . PMC   4302129 . PMID   25544367.
  11. 1 2 3 Wu, Guohong Albert; Sugimoto, Chikatoshi; Kinjo, Hideyasu; Asama, Chika; Mitsube, Fumimasa; Talon, Manuel; Gmitter, Grederick G Jr; Rokhsar, Daniel S (2021). "Diversification of mandarin citrus by hybrid speciation and apomixis". Nature Communications . 12 (1): 4377. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4377W. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24653-0 . PMC   8313541 . PMID   34312382. and Supplement
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Wang, Lun; et al. (2018). "Genome of Wild Mandarin and Domestication History of Mandarin". Molecular Plant. 11 (8): 1024–1037. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.06.001 . PMID   29885473.
  13. 1 2 Froelicher, Yann; Mouhaya, Wafa; Bassene, Jean-Baptiste; Costantino, Gilles; Kamiri, Mourad; et al. (2011). "New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 7: 49–61. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x. S2CID   32371305.
  14. ↑ Goldenberg, Livnat; Yaniv, Yossi; Porat, Ron; Carmi, Nir (2018). "Mandarin fruit quality: a review". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 98 (1): 18–26. Bibcode:2018JSFA...98...18G. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8495. PMID   28631804.
  15. ↑ Ollitrault, Patrick; Curk, Franck; Krueger, Robert (2020). "Citrus taxonomy". The Genus Citrus. Elsevier. pp. 57–81. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8. ISBN   978-0-12-812163-4. S2CID   242819146 . Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  16. ↑ Karp, David (13 January 2010). "The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  17. ↑ Klein, Joshua D. (2014). "Citron Cultivation, Production and Uses in the Mediterranean Region". Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World. Vol. 2. pp. 199–214. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_10. ISBN   978-94-017-9275-2.
  18. 1 2 "Mandarin orange production in 2022 (includes tangerines, clementines, and satsumas) from pick lists: World regions/Production quantity/Crops/Year". FAOSTAT, United Nations Corporate Statistical Database. 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  19. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  20. ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  21. ↑ "Mandarine Napoléon - History". Mandarine Napoléon . 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 "Information on This Week's Product: Mandarin Oranges" (PDF). BC Agriculture in the Classroom Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  23. ↑ Andersen, Peter C.; Ferguson, James J. (19 November 2014). "The Satsuma Mandarin". Electronic Data Information Source. IFAS Extension, University of Florida. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  24. 1 2 Marion, Paul (19 December 2010). "Oranges at Christmas". Richard Howe; Lowell Politics and Lowell History. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  25. ↑ "Christmas Stockings". Christmas Traditions in France and in Canada. Ministère de la culture et de la communication de France. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  26. ↑ "Ark of Taste, Dancy Tangerine, Citrus Tangerina v. Dancy". Slow Food USA. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  27. 1 2 "Personalized Christmas Stockings". Stocking Factory. 4 October 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  28. ↑ "CPW Celebrates 20 Years of Churchill Orchard's Kishu Mandarin Magic". Co-op Partners Warehouse. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  29. ↑ Boyd, Shelley; Cooke, Nathalie; Moyer, Alexia (2020-02-01). "A literary history of the Mandarin orange in Canada". Gastronomica. 20 (1): 83–89. doi: 10.1525/gfc.2020.20.1.83 .
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