Chenpi | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 陳皮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 陈皮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | preserved peel | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gwo Pei | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 果皮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | fruit peel | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Second alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 橘皮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 桔皮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | mandarin orange peel | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chenpi,chen pi,or chimpi is sun-dried mandarin orange peel used as a traditional seasoning in Chinese cooking and traditional medicine. It is aged by storing them dry. The taste is first slightly sweet,but the aftertaste is pungent and bitter. According to Chinese herbology,its attribute is warm. Chenpi has a common name,'ju pi' or mandarin orange peel. [1]
Chenpi contains volatile oils which include the chemical compounds nobiletin,hesperidin,neohesperidin,tangeretin,citromitin,synephrine,carotene,cryptoxanthin,inositol,vitamin B1,and vitamin C. [2] Traditional Chinese herbal medicine uses the alcohol extracts of several citrus peels,including those extracted from mandarin orange and bitter orange.
Since the products produced in Xinhui are purported to be the best quality,it is often called Xinhui Pi (新會皮) or Guang Chen Pi (廣陳皮). It is normally cut into shreds before serving and presenting in the raw form. [3] [ unreliable source? ]
The practice of using citrus peels in traditional Chinese medicine originated in the Song dynasty and has lasted for seven hundred years. Chenpi was of high popularity through the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was shipped to foreign provinces by businessmen from Xinhui in Guangdong. A famous Qing doctor named Ye Gui (1667–1746) prescribed chenpi as one of the ingredients in 'Erchen Tang',a decoction consisting of two old drugs. Chenpi business brought wealth to Xinhui peasants and it also extended to food processing,logistics areas which form a food production chain. However,chenpi business declined in the 1990s until late 2002 when chenpi farmers helped set up the Chenpi Industrial Association with support from Xinhui Agriculture Bureau and Business Federation,and chenpi has regained its popularity since. [4]
Xinhui chenpi is famous for its special production technique,where emphasis is put on peeling and storage methods. People can also do it at home. [5]
Prior to consumption,chenpi is soaked and rinsed with cold water until it becomes soft;the soaking time is recommended to be no longer than half an hour with a view to retaining its flavor. [6] Afterwards,the white pith is gently scraped off from the softened peel.[ citation needed ]
Some tong sui desserts such as red bean soup will use this ingredient occasionally. Chenpi is used to make the Hunanese dish orange chicken. [7] It can be also used for other kinds of food and beverages such as porridge,duck,pigeon, [8] mooncakes,green bean soup,jam,and wine. Chenpi-infused tea can also be prepared.[ citation needed ]
In Japanese cuisine,chenpi (pronounced "chimpi" in Japanese) is a common ingredient in shichimi tōgarashi,a traditional spice mix. [9]
Chenpi is a common ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine,where it is believed that it regulates qi ,fortifies the spleen,eliminates dampness,improves abdominal distension,enhances digestion,and reduces phlegm. [10] There is a well-known chenpi-derived medicine named 'snake gallbladder and tangerine peel powder'. The powder is used for heart disharmonies. [11]
It is one of the most frequently used Chinese herbs in the recovery stage of the Covid-19 to potentially improve the symptoms. [12]
Traditional Chinese medicine urges caution in using chenpi when red symptoms occur,such as red tongue or redness in the face.[ citation needed ]
Whole citrus peel is readily available from most herbal markets and specialty food stores. Some stores also sell citrus peel powder or capsules.
Starting from around 2010,extensive land development for commercial and residential use in China has caused the decrease of farmland,especially in Xinhui,affecting the supply of Xinhui citrus and consequently chenpi production. This in turn has contributed to a steep increase in the price of chenpi. [13] Based on data in late 2014,Xinhui chenpi aged one year costs around 140 HKD per kilogram while those aged 10 years cost 600 to 800 HKD per kilo. Chenpi stored for more than 20 years can reach nearly 24,000 RMB per kilogram. 65-year chenpi even costs 23,000 RMB per tael. Wholesale price of chenpi costs 40 to 70 HKD per pound. [6] [14]
Five-spice powder is a spice mixture of five or more spices used predominantly in almost all branches of Chinese cuisine. The five flavors of the spices refers to the five traditional Chinese elements. The addition of eight other spices creates thirteen-spice powder (十三香),which is used less commonly.
Herbal teas,also known as herbal infusions and less commonly called tisanes,are beverages made from the infusion or decoction of herbs,spices,or other plant material in hot water;they do not usually contain any true tea. Often herb tea,or the plain term tea,is used as a reference to all sorts of herbal teas. Many herbs used in teas/tisanes are also used in herbal medicine. Some herbal blends contain true tea.
The mandarin orange,also known as mandarin or mandarine,is a small,rounded citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange,it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. Tangerines are a group of orange-colored citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange with some pomelo contribution.
A lime is a citrus fruit,which is typically round,green in color,3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter,and contains acidic juice vesicles.
Bitter orange,sour orange,Seville orange,bigarade orange,or marmalade orange is in a narrow sense the citrus tree Citrus ×aurantium and its fruit. It is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread by humans to many parts of the world. It is probably a cross between the pomelo,Citrus maxima,and the mandarin orange,Citrus reticulata.
Chinese herbology is the theory of traditional Chinese herbal therapy,which accounts for the majority of treatments in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A Nature editorial described TCM as "fraught with pseudoscience",and said that the most obvious reason why it has not delivered many cures is that the majority of its treatments have no logical mechanism of action.
Xinhui,alternately romanized as Sunwui and also known as Kuixiang,is an urban district of Jiangmen in Guangdong,China. It grew from a separate city founded at the confluence of the Tan and West Rivers. It has a population of about 735,500,98% of whom are Han Chinese but many of whom speak a dialect of Cantonese as their first language. Xinhui is best known in China for its chenpi,a kind of dried Mandarin orange peel.
Spice mixes are blended spices or herbs. When a certain combination of herbs or spices is called for in a recipe,it is convenient to blend these ingredients beforehand. Blends such as chili powder,curry powder,herbes de Provence,garlic salt,and other seasoned salts are traditionally sold pre-made by grocers,and sometimes baking blends such as pumpkin pie spice are also available. These spice mixes are also easily made by the home cook for later use.
Orange chicken is an American Chinese dish of fried chicken in a sweet orange-flavored chili sauce glaze.
Shichi-mi tōgarashi,also known as nana-iro tōgarashi or simply shichimi,is a common Japanese spice mixture containing seven ingredients. Tōgarashi is the Japanese name for Capsicum annuum peppers,and it is this ingredient that makes shichimi spicy.
The iyokan,also known as anadomikan (穴門みかん) and Gokaku no Iyokan,is a Japanese citrus fruit,similar in appearance to a mandarin orange,with Dancy as the pollen parent and Kaikokan as the seed parent. It is the second most widely produced citrus fruit in Japan after the satsuma mandarin. Ehime Prefecture accounted for 90% of Iyokan production in 2021.
Arctium lappa,commonly called greater burdock,gobō (牛蒡/ゴボウ),edible burdock,lappa,beggar's buttons,thorny burr,or happy major is a Eurasian species of plants in the family Asteraceae,cultivated in gardens for its root used as a vegetable. It has become an invasive weed of high-nitrogen soils in North America,Australia,and other regions.
Zest is a food ingredient that is prepared by scraping or cutting from the rind of unwaxed citrus fruits such as lemon,orange,citron,and lime. Zest is used to add flavor to foods.
Peel,also known as rind or skin,is the outer protective layer of a fruit or vegetable which can be peeled off. The rind is usually the botanical exocarp,but the term exocarp also includes the hard cases of nuts,which are not named peels since they are not peeled off by hand or peeler,but rather shells because of their hardness.
Dit da jow is a common Chinese liniment used as traditional medicine in the belief it can reduce the pain from external injuries.
Chinese patent medicine are herbal medicines in Traditional Chinese medicine,modernized into a ready-to-use form such as tablets,oral solutions or dry suspensions,as opposed to herbs that require cooking.
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki,compiled in the 700s,were the first books in Japan to describe citrus fruits. The Nihon Shoki states that a man named Tajimamori brought back citrus fruits from the Tokoyo no kuni on the orders of Emperor Suinin,which is thought to refer to the tachibana orange that grows wild in Japan. The Man'yōshū,a collection of poems from the same period,contains many poems about tachibana orange,and because of its strong acidity at the time,it was dried and used for medicinal and ornamental purposes rather than for food. The Kokin Wakashū,compiled in the 900s,mentions that tachibana orange was burned and used as incense to give a nice fragrance to kimonos. In Japan,tachibana orange is a symbol of eternity and is the motif for the Order of Culture.
Succade is the candied peel of any of the citrus species,especially from the citron or Citrus medica which is distinct with its extra-thick peel;in addition,the taste of the inner rind of the citron is less bitter than those of the other citrus. However,the term is also occasionally applied to the peel,root,or even entire fruit or vegetable like parsley,fennel and cucurbita which have a bitter taste and are boiled with sugar to get a special "sweet and sour" outcome.
Gou Pi Gao,is a medicinal herbal plaster that is often used in traditional Chinese medicine. Gou Pi Gao,translated word for word,literally means dog skin plaster,which is indicative of its history.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to herbs and spices:
ORANGE CHICKEN Chun Pei Gai Pan Traditionally this Hunan recipe contained what is called chun pei, or 'old skin,' to describe the dried citrus peel used in its preparation.