| Clymenia | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Subfamily: | Aurantioideae |
| Genus: | Clymenia Swingle & Tanaka. |
| Species | |
Clymenia is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae with two species. The genus is often included in Citrus . [1] [2]
Clymenia forms a shrub or small tree, free of spines. Leaves feature a short, narrow petiole, which sets them apart from most other citrus, especially the papedas native to the same general area. Clymenia fruits are a small hesperidium, very similar to a citrus fruit. Sweet and lemony in flavor, the tangerine-sized fruits are highly segmented, with yellow pulp, and a leathery rind, similar to a true citrus fruit. They contain a large number of polyembryonic seeds. The fruit are eaten by the Bismarck islanders, who call it a-mulis (Namatanai). [3] [4]
Native to a handful of locations on Papua New Guinea and nearby islets, including New Ireland, New Britain and the Admiralty Islands, [5] Clymenia is far more tropical than other citrus, and even in subtropical parts of the United States, it can only be grown in a greenhouse. Specimens thrived in greenhouses in Riverside, California, but perished when planted out in the arid climate.[ citation needed ] They are locally cultivated in indigenous villages, but have never been commercially cultivated.
Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern Pacific islands, Clymenia was originally considered an obscure citrus hybrid. Botanist Tyôzaburô Tanaka noted that Clymenia would hybridize with a few other citrus plants (notably kumquats), but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. Botanist Walter Tennyson Swingle proposed moving Clymenia out of Citrus, circumscribing the genus in 1939, [6] naming it after a figure from Greek mythology, Clymene, an Orchomenian princess who was the mother of Atalanta. [7] Swingle assumed that Clymenia and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. In 2000, Berhow suggested that a close relationship existed between Clymenia and kumquats and that it might be a Citrofortunella, a kumquat hybrid with another citrus. [3]
Recent genomic analysis has shed new light on the phylogeny of Clemenia, potentially clarifying questions of its taxonomy. Clymenia polyandra was found to be completely homozygous, proving it to be a distinct species and not a kumquat hybrid. [8] Clymenia clusters within the genus Citrus in a clade with the Australian and New Guinean limes, which though formerly placed in genera Eremocitrus and Microcitrus are now considered members of Citrus. [8] [9] [10] Because excluding Clymenia would make Citrus paraphyletic, the Clymenia species may likewise belong in Citrus, [9] [10] with Clymenia relegated to the status of a subgenus. It is included in Citrus in a 2021 classification of the family Rutaceae. [2]
Species included in the genus: [11] [5]
Kumquats, or cumquats in Australian English, are a group of small, angiosperm, fruit-bearing trees in the family Rutaceae. Their taxonomy is disputed. They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus Fortunella or placed within Citrus, sensu lato. Different classifications have alternatively assigned them to anywhere from a single species, C. japonica, to numerous species representing each cultivar. Recent genomic analysis defines three pure species, Citrus hindsii, C. margarita and C. crassifolia, with C. x japonica being a hybrid of the last two.
Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. The genus Citrus is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Australia. Various citrus species have been used and domesticated by indigenous cultures in these areas since ancient times. From there its cultivation spread into Micronesia and Polynesia by the Austronesian expansion ; and to the Middle East and the Mediterranean via the incense trade route, and onwards to Europe and the Americas.
Calamansi, also known as kalamansi, calamondin, Philippine lime, or Philippine lemon, is an economically important citrus hybrid predominantly cultivated in the Philippines. It is native to the Philippines, parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, as well as parts of southern China and Taiwan.
The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.
The tangerine is a type of citrus fruit that is orange in color, that is considered either a variety of Citrus reticulata, the mandarin orange, or a closely related species, under the name Citrus tangerina, or yet as a hybrid of mandarin orange varieties, with some pomelo contribution.
Australian limes are species of the plant genus Citrus that are native to Australia and Papua New Guinea.
The trifoliate orange, Citrus trifoliata, is a member of the family Rutaceae. Whether the trifoliate oranges should be considered to belong to their own genus, Poncirus, or be included in the genus Citrus is debated. The species is unusual among citrus for having deciduous, compound leaves and pubescent (downy) fruit.
Murraya is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It is distributed in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The center of diversity is in southern China and Southeast Asia. When broadly circumscribed, the genus has about 17 species. A narrower circumscription contains only eight species, others being placed in Bergera and Merrillia.
Sweet lemon and sweet lime refer to groups of citrus hybrids that contain low acid pulp and juice. They are hybrids often similar to non-sweet lemons or limes, but with less citron parentage. Sweet limes and lemons are not sharply separated:
The sweet lime, Citrus limettioides Tan., is often confused with the sweet lemon, C. limetta Tan., which, in certain areas, is referred to as "sweet lime". In some of the literature, it is impossible to tell which fruit is under discussion.
Citropsis is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae. They are known generally as African cherry oranges. They are native to Africa.
Merrillia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae, containing the single species Merrillia caloxylon. Its English language common names include flowering merrillia, katinga, and Malay lemon. In Malaysia it is called ketenggah and kemuning gajah. The species is native to Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra in Indonesia.
The false oranges are a group of flowering plants in the Citrus genus, within the family, Rutaceae. They are endemic to New Caledonia.
Citrus neocaledonica, synonym Oxanthera neocaledonica, the large leaf oxanthera, is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.
Citrus undulata, synonym Oxanthera undulata, the wavy-leaf oxanthera, is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.
Aurantioideae is the subfamily within the rue and citrus family (Rutaceae) that contains the citrus. The subfamily's center of diversity is in the monsoon region of eastern Australasia, extending west through South Asia into Africa, and eastwards into Polynesia.
Citrus halimii, or mountain citron, is a citrus with sour fruit. Historically placed within the polyphyletic grouping of papedas, it has since been determined to be a wild species most closely related to the kumquats, and is not related to the true citron. It was first discovered and catalogued in 1973.
Citrus indica is a species of hybrid Citrus known by the common name Indian wild orange.
Citrus taxonomy refers to the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus Citrus and related genera, found in cultivation and in the wild.
Atalantia is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, the Rutaceae.
Feroniella is a genus in the family Rutaceae, the only species being Feroniella lucida. The genus is placed within Citrus by some sources, with the species becoming Citrus lucida. Feroniella lucida is a fruit-bearing tree native to Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and the island of Java, Indonesia.
