Rutaceae

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Rutaceae
Skimmia reevesiana2.jpg
Skimmia japonica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Juss., 1789 [1]
Subfamilies
Diversity
About 160 genera, totaling over 1600 species
Rutoideae distribution.svg
Range of subfamily Rutoideae sensu Groppo et al., 2012
Cneoroideae distribution.svg
Range of subfamily Cneoroideae

The Rutaceae ( /ruːˈteɪsiˌaɪ,-siːˌiː/ ) is a family, commonly known as the rue [2] or citrus family, [3] of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.

Contents

Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large [4] trees.

The most economically important genus in the family is Citrus , which includes the orange (C. × sinensis), lemon (C. × limon), grapefruit (C. × paradisi), and lime (various). Boronia is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include Zanthoxylum, several species of which are cultivated for Sichuan pepper, Melicope , and Agathosma . About 160 genera are in the family Rutaceae.

Characteristics

Most species are trees or shrubs, a few are herbs (the type genus Ruta , Boenninghausenia and Dictamnus ), frequently aromatic with glands on the leaves, sometimes with thorns. The leaves are usually opposed and compound, and without stipules. Pellucid glands, a type of oil gland, are found in the leaves responsible for the aromatic smell of the family's members; traditionally they have been the primary synapomorphic characteristic to identify the Rutaceae.[ citation needed ]

Flowers are bractless, solitary or in cyme, rarely in raceme, and mainly pollinated by insects. They are radially or (rarely) laterally symmetric, and generally hermaphroditic. They have four or five petals and sepals, sometimes three, mostly separate, eight to ten stamen (five in Skimmia , many in Citrus ), usually separate or in several groups. Usually a single stigma with 2 to 5 united carpels, sometimes ovaries separate but styles combined.[ citation needed ]

The fruit of the Rutaceae are very variable: berries, drupes, hesperidia, samaras, capsules, and follicles all occur. Seed number also varies widely.[ citation needed ]

Taxonomy

The family is closely related to the Sapindaceae, Simaroubaceae, and Meliaceae, and all are usually placed into the same order, although older systems separate that order into Rutales and Sapindales. The families Flindersiaceae and Ptaeroxylaceae are sometimes kept separate, but nowadays generally are placed in the Rutaceae, as are the former Cneoraceae.[ citation needed ]

Subfamilies

In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies. [5] One, Rhabdodendroideae, is no longer considered to belong to the Rutaceae, being treated as the segregate family Rhabdodendraceae, containing only the genus Rhabdodendron . Two monogeneric subfamilies, Dictyolomatoideae and Spathelioideae, are now included in the subfamily Cneoroideae, along with genera Engler placed in other families. The remaining four Engler subfamilies were Aurantioideae, Rutoideae, Flindersioideae and Toddalioideae. Engler's division into subfamilies largely relied on the characteristics of the fruit, as did others used until molecular phylogenetic methods were applied. [6]

Molecular methods have shown that only Aurantioideae can be clearly differentiated from other members of the family based on fruit. They have not supported the circumscriptions of Engler's three other main subfamilies. [6] In 2012, Groppo et al. divided Rutaceae into only two subfamilies, retaining Cneoroideae but placing all the remaining genera in a greatly enlarged subfamily Rutoideae s.l. [7] A 2014 classification by Morton and Telmer also retained Engler's Aurantioideae, but split the remaining Rutoideae s.l. into a smaller Rutoideae and a much larger Amyridoideae s.l., containing most of Engler's Rutoideae. [8] Until 2021, molecular phylogenetic methods had only sampled between 20% and 40% of the genera of Rutaceae. A 2021 study by Appelhans et al. sampled almost 90% of the genera. The two main clades recognized by Groppo et al. in 2012 were upheld, but Morton and Telmer's Rutoideae was paraphyletic and their Amyridoideae was polyphyletic and did not include the type genus. Applehans et al. divided the family into six subfamilies, shown below in the cladogram produced in their study. The large subfamily Zanthoxyloideae was shown to contain distinct clades, but the authors considered that a revised classification at the tribal level was not yet feasible at the time their paper was published. [6]

Rutaceae

Cneoroideae (8 genera)

Rutoideae s.l. [7]

Rutoideae (5 genera)

Amyridoideae (3 genera)

Haplophylloideae (1 genus, Haplophyllum )

Aurantioideae (about 27 genera)

Zanthoxyloideae (about 110 genera)

Notable species

Various Citrus fruits NIH citrus.jpg
Various Citrus fruits

The family is of great economic importance in warm temperate and subtropical climates for its numerous edible fruits of the genus Citrus , such as the orange, lemon, calamansi, lime, kumquat, mandarin and grapefruit.

Non-citrus fruits include the white sapote (Casimiroa edulis), orangeberry (Glycosmis pentaphylla), limeberry ( Triphasia trifolia ), and the bael (Aegle marmelos).[ citation needed ]

The curry tree, Murraya koenigii, is of culinary importance in the Indian subcontinent and elsewhere, as its leaves are used as a spice to flavour dishes. Spices are also made from a number of species in the genus Zanthoxylum , notably Sichuan pepper.[ citation needed ]

Other plants are grown in horticulture: Murraya and Skimmia species, for example. Ruta , Zanthoxylum and Casimiroa species are medicinals. Several plants are also used by the perfume industry, such as the Western Australian Boronia megastigma .[ citation needed ]

The genus Pilocarpus has species (P. jaborandi, and P. microphyllus from Brazil, and P. pennatifolius from Paraguay) from which the medicine pilocarpine, used to treat glaucoma, is extracted.

Related Research Articles

<i>Murraya</i> Genus of flowering plants

Murraya is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It is distributed in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The center of diversity is in southern China and Southeast Asia. When broadly circumscribed, the genus has about 17 species. A narrower circumscription contains only eight species, others being placed in Bergera and Merrillia.

<i>Esenbeckia</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Esenbeckia is a genus of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae. All species in the genus are native to the Americas, with the highest diversity in South America. They are commonly known as jopoy, the Mayan word for E. berlandieri, or gasparillo (Spanish).

Limnocitrus is a genus of plant in the family Rutaceae with one species, Limnocitrus littoralis. It is native to Vietnam and Indonesia, where it is found on the island of Java in Jepara. In traditional Vietnamese medicine different parts of the plant have been used as an expectorant, antitussive product, for exudation, and the treatment of colds and fevers.

Merrillia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae, containing the single species Merrillia caloxylon. Its English language common names include flowering merrillia, katinga, and Malay lemon. In Malaysia it is called ketenggah and kemuning gajah. The species is native to Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra in Indonesia.

Platydesma is a formerly recognized genus of plants in family Rutaceae. Evidence from 2009 indicated that Platydesma is nested within the genus Melicope and is sister to all Hawaiian Melicope species, and it is now placed within that genus. The other Melicope species are dioecious, whereas the flowers of species formerly placed in Platydesma are hermaphroditic, suggesting a rare evolutionary reversion away from dioecy. Species included:

<i>Pleiospermium</i> Genus of plants

Pleiospermium is a genus of plant in family Rutaceae.

Spathelia is a genus in the plant family Rutaceae, subfamily Cneoroideae. Species records are from central America and the Caribbean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aurantioideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Aurantioideae is the subfamily within the rue and citrus family (Rutaceae) that contains the citrus. The subfamily's center of diversity is in the monsoon region of eastern Australasia, extending west through South Asia into Africa, and eastwards into Polynesia.

<i>Zanthoxylum asiaticum</i> Species of plant

Zanthoxylum asiaticum is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. Under its synonym Toddalia asiatica, it was the only species in the monotypic genus Toddalia, now included in Zanthoxylum. It is known by the English name orange climber.

Clymenia is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae with two species. The genus is often included in Citrus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rutoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Rutoideae is a flowering plant subfamily in the family Rutaceae. The subfamily has had varying circumscriptions. In a 2012 classification of the family it was one of only two subfamilies and contained most of the genera, whereas in a 2021 classification it has only five genera.

Toddalioideae is a formerly recognized subfamily of the family Rutaceae. Its type genus, Toddalia, is now accepted as a synonym of Zanthoxylum and placed in the subfamily Zanthoxyloideae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cneoroideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Cneoroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants that belongs to the family Rutaceae. The subfamilies Dictyolomatoideae and Spathelioideae are now included in the subfamily Cneoroideae.

<i>Cyanothamnus</i> Genus of plants

Cyanothamnus is a genus of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, native to Australia. Plants in the genus Cyanothamnus are erect or spreading shrubs usually with pinnate leaves arranged in opposite pairs, the leaves or leaflets flat. The flowers are arranged singly or in cymes with minute bracts. The petals are usually pink or white, sometimes blue or yellowish-green.

<i>Atalantia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Atalantia is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, the Rutaceae.

<i>Harrisonia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Harrisonia is a small genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Cneoroideae of the Rutaceae. Older taxonomic treatments have placed this genus in the Simaroubaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zanthoxyloideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Zanthoxyloideae is a subfamily of the family Rutaceae.

Amyridoideae is a subfamily of the family Rutaceae. The circumscription of the family has varied considerably. A 2014 classification placed a large proportion of the genera in the family Rutaceae in Amyridoideae. A more recent 2021 classification includes only three genera.

<i>Bergera</i> Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae

Bergera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae. It has been included in Murraya as M. sect. Bergera. Species that may be placed in the genus are native from India through southeast Asia eastwards to China and Taiwan southwards to Malesia and New Caledonia. The curry tree, Bergera koenigii, is one of the better known species.

References

  1. ↑ "Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  2. ↑ RUTACEAE in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
  3. ↑ "Rutaceae (Citrus family) – 245 images at PlantSystematics.org images, phylogeny, nomenclature for (Rutaceae)". plantsystematics.org.
  4. ↑ M. F. Porteners. "Flindersia schottiana, PlantNET - NSW Flora Online, Retrieved September 3rd, 2017".
  5. ↑ Engler, A. (1896). "Rutaceae". In Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds.). Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III(4). Leipzig: Engelmann.
  6. 1 2 3 Appelhans, Marc S.; Bayly, Michael J.; Heslewood, Margaret M.; Groppo, Milton; Verboom, G. Anthony; Forster, Paul I.; Kallunki, Jacquelyn A. & Duretto, Marco F. (2021). "A new subfamily classification of the Citrus family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers". Taxon. 70 (5): 1035–1061. doi: 10.1002/tax.12543 . hdl: 11343/288824 .
  7. 1 2 Groppo, M.; Kallunki, J.A.; Pirani, J.R. & Antonelli, A. (2012). "Chilean Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: Evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family". PhytoKeys (19): 9–29. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.19.3912 . PMC   3597001 . PMID   23717188.
  8. ↑ Morton, Cynthia M. & Telmer, Cheryl (2014). "New Subfamily Classification for the Rutaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 99 (4): 620–641. doi:10.3417/2010034. S2CID   85667129.
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