Salicaceae

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Salicaceae
Temporal range: Eocene - recent [1]
20110716Salix alba.jpg
Salix alba
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Mirb. [2]
Subfamilies [3]
Synonyms
Illustration of a typical salicoid tooth, the yellow area showing the expanding leaf vein and glandular seta. Leaf morphology tooth salicoid.png
Illustration of a typical salicoid tooth, the yellow area showing the expanding leaf vein and glandular seta.
Populus trichocarpa leaf margin showing a salicoid tooth. The brownish-yellow area in the axil of the tooth is the glandular seta. Pobat salicoid margin.jpg
Populus trichocarpa leaf margin showing a salicoid tooth. The brownish-yellow area in the axil of the tooth is the glandular seta.

The Salicaceae are the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae sensu stricto) included the willows, poplars. Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 56 genera and about 1220 species, including the tropical Scyphostegiaceae and many of the former Flacourtiaceae. [4] [5] [6]

Contents

In the Cronquist system, the Salicaceae were assigned to their own order, Salicales, and contained three genera, Salix , Populus , and Chosenia (now a synonym of Salix). Recognized to be closely related to the Violaceae and Passifloraceae, the family is placed by the APG in the order Malpighiales.

Under the new circumscription, most members of the family are trees or shrubs that have simple leaves with alternate arrangement, and temperate members are usually deciduous. Most members have serrate or dentate leaf margins, and many of those that have such toothed margins exhibit salicoid teeth, a salicoid tooth being one in which a vein enters the tooth, expands, and terminates at or near the apex, near which are spherical and glandular protuberances called setae. Sometimes the glands will deflate and appear torus (doughnut) shaped. Some members of the family exhibit violoid or theoid teeth, characters along with presence of an aril and introrse anther dehiscence that are sometimes used to split the family into three families, Salicaceae sensu medio, Samydaceae, and Scyphostegiaceae. [7] [8] Members of the family often have flowers which are reduced and inconspicuous, and all have ovaries that are superior or half-inferior with parietal placentation. [9]

Genera by subfamily and tribe

Salicaceae are divided into three subfamilies, with Salicoideae further divided into seven tribes. [3] [10] [11] Several of these tribes are not monophyletic and await further revision. [4]

Salicoideae

Abatieae

  • Abatia Ruiz & Pavón (now including Aphaerema) [12]

Bembicieae

Flacourtieae

Homalieae

Prockieae

Saliceae

Scolopieae

Samydoideae

Scyphostegioideae

Incertae sedis

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malpighiales</span> Eudicot order of flowering plants

The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants. The order is very diverse, with well-known members including willows, violets, aspens and poplars, poinsettia, corpse flower, coca plant, cassava, flaxseed, castor bean, Saint John's wort, passionfruit, mangosteen, and manchineel tree.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flacourtiaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it became a dumping ground for odd and anomalous genera, gradually making the family even more heterogeneous. In 1975, Hermann Sleumer noted that "Flacourtiaceae as a family is a fiction; only the tribes are homogeneous."

<i>Abatia</i> Genus of about ten species of Central and South American trees in the willow family Salicaceae

Abatia is a genus of about ten species of Central and South American trees in the family Salicaceae. Previously, it was treated in the family Flacourtiaceae, or tribe Abatieae of the family Passifloraceae or Samydaceae by G. Bentham & J.D. Hooker and Hutchinson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Achariaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees. The APG IV system has greatly expanded the scope of the family by including many genera previously classified in Flacourtiaceae. Molecular data strongly support the inclusion of this family in the order Malpighiales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samydaceae</span>

Samydaceae is a family of tropical and subtropical woody plants, its best known genus being Casearia. It has always been of uncertain placement, in the past usually being submerged in the family Flacourtiaceae.

<i>Pineda</i> (plant) Genus of shrubs

Pineda is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It contains two species of shrubs: Pineda incana, which is native to the Andes of Ecuador and Peru, and Pineda ovata, which is native to the Andes of Bolivia.

<i>Macrohasseltia</i> Genus of trees

Macrohasseltia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of tree: Macrohasseltia macroterantha, which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae, Macrohasseltia is now classified in Salicaceae, along with close relatives Bennettiodendron, Carrierea, Idesia, Itoa, Olmediella, Poliothyrsis, and even the willows (Salix) and cottonwoods (Populus) themselves.

<i>Olmediella</i> Genus of trees

Olmediella is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of trees: Olmediella betschleriana, which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae, Olmediella is now classified in Salicaceae, along with close relatives Bennettiodendron, Carrierea, Idesia, Itoa, Macrohasseltia, Poliothyrsis, and even the willows (Salix) and cottonwoods (Populus) themselves.

<i>Aphaerema</i> Genus of flowering plants

Aphaerema was formerly a genus of flowering plants in the Flacourtiaceae, consisting of one species of small shrubs, Aphaerema spicata, which is native to Brazil and Argentina. Later studies indicated that Aphaerema should be classified in the willow family, Salicaceae, and combined with the genus Abatia. Because the name Abatia spicata was already used, the species was given the new name Abatia angeliana, in honor of Brazilian botanist João Angely. Aphaerema is one of the few groups of Salicaceae with opposite leaves.

Hasseltiopsis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of trees: Hasseltiopsis dioica, which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae, Hasseltiopsis is now classified in Salicaceae, along with close relatives Prockia, Pineda, Neosprucea, and Banara.

Scyphostegia borneensis is a species of shrub or small tree endemic to Borneo. This unusual plant is the only species in the genus Scyphostegia. In many taxonomic classifications the genus was placed in its own family, the Scyphostegiaceae. Analyses of DNA data indicated that the species is related to a group of species of the now defunct Flacourtiaceae, a group which is now placed in a broadly circumscribed Salicaceae.

Ahernia is a genus of a single species, Ahernia glandulosa, a tree in the family Achariaceae, native to Hainan and Luzon island of the Philippines. Previously it was treated in the family Flacourtiaceae before being placed in Achariaceae. Ahernia is closely related to the American genera Hasseltia, Macrothumia, and Pleuranthodendron, but differs in its axillary racemes and more numerous (10–15) petals. Ahernia glandulosa is found in low elevation primary forests and is known in the Tagalog language as butun or sanglai. It grows 8–15 m (26–49 ft) tall.

Euceraea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. The genus is native to north South America throughout the North Region of Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Irenodendron is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae native to northern South America.

Dianyuea turbinata is a species of shrub endemic to the Tongbiguan Nature Preserve in Yunnan province of China. Originally described in the genus Flacourtia based on limited material, this unusual species is now recognized as the sole member of the genus Dianyuea, and is the only other member of subfamily Scyphostegioideae of Salicaceae. In addition to phylogenetic analyses of DNA data, the species's basal placentation, connate stamen filaments, and seeds with arilloid appendages indicate that this species is related to Scyphostegia, a monotypic genus which is now placed in a broadly circumscribed Salicaceae.

<i>Osmelia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Osmelia is a genus of flowering plants in the willow family, Salicaceae. Osmelia includes four species of trees native to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Osmelia is closely related to the monotypic Pseudosmelia of Morotai and Halmahera of the Indonesian Maluku Islands and to the monotypic Ophiobotrys from west and west-central tropical Africa.

Ophiobotrys zenkeri is a species of flowering plant in the family Salicaceae. It is a tree native to tropical Africa from Ivory Coast to Gabon and is the only member of the genus Ophiobotrys. Formerly classified in the Flacourtiaceae, phylogenetic analyses based on DNA data indicate that this species, along with its close relatives in the Asian genera Osmelia and Pseudosmelia, are better placed in a broadly circumscribed Salicaceae. Ophiobotrys differs from its close relatives in having 5 sepals, 5(-6) stamens, one divided style, and terminal inflorescences.

<i>Macrothumia</i> Genus of trees

Macrothumia is a genus in the willow family Salicaceae with a single species Macrothumia kuhlmannii. It is a tree native to the states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Minas Gerais in Brazil. Formerly classified in the genus Banara in the family Flacourtiaceae, phylogenetic analyses based on DNA data indicate that this species, along with its close relatives in Ahernia, Hasseltia, and Pleuranthodendron are better placed in a broadly circumscribed Salicaceae. Macrothumia differs from its close relatives in having a congested fascicle- or umbel-like inflorescence and a large fruit. The genus name is derived from the Greek word μακροθυμία, which means long-suffering and enduring patience.

<i>Prockia</i> Genus of plants

Prockia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of approximately six species of shrubs and small trees native to the West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Its type species, Prockia crucis, is highly polymorphic and has a broad distribution, from Mexico and the West Indies to Uruguay and northern Argentina.

<i>Tetrathylacium</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae

Tetrathylacium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. The genus spans across South America and parts of Central America, as far north as Costa Rica, and as far south as Bolivia.

References

  1. ↑ "Malpighiales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  2. ↑ "Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
  3. 1 2 Stevens, P.F. (2015) [1st. Pub. 2001], Angiosperm Phylogeny Website , retrieved 28 January 2021
  4. 1 2 Chase, Mark W.; Sue Zmarzty; M. Dolores Lledó; Kenneth J. Wurdack; Susan M. Swensen; Michael F. Fay (2002). "When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid rbcL DNA sequences". Kew Bulletin. 57 (1): 141–181. Bibcode:2002KewBu..57..141C. doi:10.2307/4110825. JSTOR   4110825.
  5. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 .
  6. ↑ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 (and more or less continuously updated since).
  7. 1 2 Samarakoon, T., and M.H. Alford. 2019. New Names and Combinations in Neotropical Samydaceae Novon 27: 65-71.
  8. ↑ Wurdack, K.J., and C.C. Davis. 2009. Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life American Journal of Botany 96: 1551-1570.
  9. ↑ Judd, Walter S. (January 2015). Plant systematics : a phylogenetic approach (Fourth ed.). Sunderland, MA. ISBN   978-1-60535-389-0. OCLC   920680553.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ↑ Lemke, David (1988). "A synopsis of Flacourtiaceae". Aliso. 12 (1): 29–43. doi: 10.5642/aliso.19881201.05 . Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  11. ↑ "Family Salicaceae". Taxonomy. UniProt. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
  12. 1 2 Alford, Mac (2006). "Nomenclatural innovations in neotropical Salicaceae". Novon. 16 (3): 293–298. doi:10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[293:niins]2.0.co;2. S2CID   86307245.
  13. 1 2 3 Boucher, L. D.; Manchester, S.; Judd, W. (2003). "An extinct genus of Salicaceae based on twigs with attached flowers, fruits, and foliage from the Eocene Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado, USA". American Journal of Botany. 90 (9): 1389–99. doi: 10.3732/ajb.90.9.1389 . PMID   21659238.
  14. ↑ Alford, Mac; Dement, Angela (2015). "Irenodendron, a new genus of Samydaceae from South America". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 9 (2): 331–334.
  15. ↑ Alford, M.H. 2021. A taxonomic revision of Ophiobotrys, Osmelia, and Pseudosmelia (Samydaceae/Salicaceae s.l.) Brittonia 73: 393-409.
  16. ↑ Shang, C; Liao, S.; Guo, Y.-J.; Zhang, Z.-X. (2017). "Dianyuea gen. nov. (Salicaceae: Scyphostegioideae) from southwestern China". Nordic Journal of Botany. 35 (4): 499–505. doi:10.1111/njb.01363.
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