Icacinaceae

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Icacinaceae
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - recent
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Nothapodytes nimmoniana
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Icacinales
Family: Icacinaceae
Miers [2]
Genera

See text

The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, [3] [4] are a family of flowering plants, [5] consisting of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics.

Contents

The family was traditionally circumscribed quite broadly, with around 55 genera totalling over 400 species. In 2001, though, this circumscription was found to be polyphyletic, [6] and the family was split into four families in three different orders: Icacinaceae sensu stricto (then unplaced at order rank), Pennantiaceae (Apiales), Stemonuraceae (Aquifoliales) and Cardiopteridaceae (also Aquifoliales). Other genera have later been moved to Metteniusaceae (Metteniusales), [7] so that Icacinaceae now include c. 23 genera and 160 species. One genus, Sleumeria, was described as late as 2005. [8]

Icacinaceae belongs to the order Icacinales along with Oncothecaceae. [2] The oldest member of this family is Palaeophytocrenechicoensis from the Campanian of California, known from a fossil fruit from the Chico Formation. [1]

Icacina senegalensis extracts have shown activity against malaria parasites. [9]

Genera

List according to Stull et al. (2015): [7]

Icacineae

Iodeae

Mappieae

Phytocreneae

Incertae sedis

History

In 1841, George Bentham described Apodytes and Pogopetalum as new genera and united them with Icacina, Gomphandra, and Leretia to create the tribe Icacineae of what would later be called the family Olacaceae. [11] Olacaceae was at that time, and through the 20th century, defined broadly, encompassing several families in the order Santalales. [12] Pogopetalum was later synonymized with Emmotum. [13] [14]

In 1852, John Miers argued that Bentham's Icacineae did not belong in Olacaceae and he raised them to the taxonomic rank of family as Icacinaceae. [15]

Philippe van Tieghem realized that the family Icacinaceae, as circumscribed by Miers, consisted of groups that were only distantly related, and in 1897, he divided it into seven families. [16] [17] Van Tieghem's treatment in some ways anticipated the results of 21st century phylogenetic studies, in particular, by his establishment of the families Emmotaceae and Leptaulaceae. His division of Icacinaceae into smaller families was not accepted and other authors continued to define Icacinaceae in the broad sense, known as Icacinaceae sensu lato.

In 1942, Hermann Sleumer defined Icacinaceae broadly in his coverage of the family for Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. [18] Later authors did likewise.

In the 1940s, Richard A. Howard wrote a series of papers on several of the genera. [6] Sleumer wrote about the Asian genera in 1969, [19] and the Malesian genera in 1971. [20] Much of what is known about the family comes from regional floras such as Flora of Australia [21] and Flora of China. [22]

In 2001, Jesper Kårehed, using a combination of morphological and DNA sequence data, showed that Icacinaceae sensu lato was distantly polyphyletic and was, at least arguably, the worst of the plant families. It is now known to have rivaled Flacourtiaceae as an unnatural assemblage of disparate groups. Kårehed divided it into four families: Pennantiaceae, Stemonuraceae, Cardiopteridaceae, and Icacinaceae sensu stricto. [6]

Pennantiaceae consists of the single genus Pennantia and is the most basal clade in the campanulid order Apiales. [23] [24]

Stemonuraceae is a family of 12 genera in the campanulid order Aquifoliales. It is sister to Cardiopteridaceae. [6] [25]

Before the phylogeny produced by Kårehed, Cardiopteridaceae contained only Cardiopteris . Kårehed transferred Citronella , Gonocaryum , and Leptaulus from Icacinaceae to this family, and provisionally placed Metteniusa , Dendrobangia , and Pseudobotrys there as well. Metteniusa was shown to be a lamiid in 2007, and was placed in a family by itself. [26] The affinities of Dendrobangia and Pseudobotrys remain obscure.

Some authors have continued to maintain Cardiopteridaceae as a monogeneric family, placing Citronella, Gonocaryum, Leptaulus, Dendrobangia, and Pseudobotrys in Leptaulaceae. [27] The study by Kårehed showed Cardiopteris to be embedded in Leptaulaceae, but statistical support for this position was not strong.

Some genera have later been moved to Metteniusaceae (Metteniusales). [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apiales</span> Order of eudicot flowering plants in the asterid group

The Apiales are an order of flowering plants. The families are those recognized in the APG III system. This is typical of the newer classifications, though there is some slight variation and in particular, the Torriceliaceae may also be divided.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquifoliales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including the Aquifoliaceae (holly) family, and also the Helwingiaceae and the Phyllonomaceae. In 2001, the families Stemonuraceae and Cardiopteridaceae were added to this order. This circumscription of Aquifoliales was recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group when they published the APG II system in 2003. In the Cronquist system, there is no Aquifoliales order: the Aquifoliaceae are placed within the order Celastrales and the others are in other families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asterids</span> Clade of eudicot angiosperms

In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade. Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. Well-known plants in this clade include the common daisy, forget-me-nots, nightshades, the common sunflower, petunias, yacon, morning glory, lettuce, sweet potato, coffee, lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, honeysuckle, ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, garden sage, table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary, and rainforest trees such as Brazil nut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peridiscaceae</span> Family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales

Peridiscaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. Four genera comprise this family: Medusandra, Soyauxia, Peridiscus, and Whittonia., with a total of 12 known species. It has a disjunct distribution, with Peridiscus occurring in Venezuela and northern Brazil, Whittonia in Guyana, Medusandra in Cameroon, and Soyauxia in tropical West Africa. Whittonia is possibly extinct, being known from only one specimen collected below Kaieteur Falls in Guyana. In 2006, archeologists attempted to rediscover it, however, it proved unsuccessful.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boraginales</span> Order of flowering plants within the lammiid clade of eudicots

Boraginales is an order of flowering plants in the asterid clade. It includes the Boraginaceae and a number of other families, with a total of about 125 genera and 2,700 species. Its herbs, shrubs, trees and lianas (vines) have a worldwide distribution.

Metteniusa edulis is a species of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Cardiopteridaceae. It is endemic to Colombia.

Metteniusa santanderensis is a species of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Cardiopteridaceae. It is endemic to Colombia.

<i>Pennantia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Pennantia is the sole genus in the plant family Pennantiaceae. In older classifications, it was placed in the family Icacinaceae. Most authorities have recognised three or four species, depending on whether they recognised Pennantia baylisiana as a separate species from Pennantia endlicheri. British-born botanist David Mabberley has recognised two species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiopteridaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Cardiopteridaceae is a eudicot family of flowering plants. It consists of about 43 species of trees, shrubs, and woody vines, mostly of the tropics, but with a few in temperate regions. It contains six genera, the largest of which is Citronella, with 21 species. The other genera are much smaller.

Pteleocarpa is a genus of flowering plants. The only member of the genus is the western Malesian tree Pteleocarpa lamponga. It has had a varied systematic history and has been placed in the families Icacinaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Boraginaceae, and others. It has long been regarded as enigmatic. For example, its winged fruit is quite odd within the family Boraginaceae, where it was usually placed in the 2000s. The family name Pteleocarpaceae had been used, but was not validly published until 2011, when the required description was published in Kew Bulletin. A morphological study of Pteleocarpa was published in 2014. Also in 2014, a molecular phylogenetic study of the lamiids sampled Pteleocarpa and resolved it as sister to Gelsemiaceae. Both genera of Gelsemiaceae were sampled and this result had maximum statistical support in three different methods of cladistic analysis. The authors of that study recommended that Pteleocarpa be included in Gelsemiaceae. This was formally done in 2014 by altering the description of the family to accommodate it. In the APG IV system published in 2016, Pteleocarpa is included in Gelsemiaceae.

<i>Oncotheca</i> Genus of trees

Oncotheca is a genus of tree endemic to New Caledonia. There are two species, Oncotheca balansae and Oncotheca humboldtiana.

When the APG II system of plant classification was published in April 2003, fifteen genera and three families were placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms, and were listed in a section of the appendix entitled "Taxa of uncertain position".

The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a further revision, the APG IV system.

<i>Apodytes</i> Genus of flowering plants

Apodytes is a genus of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly either unplaced as to family or placed in the family Icacinaceae. It consists of about 8 species of evergreen trees, from tropical northeastern Australia, New Caledonia, Africa and Asia. The exact number of species has been revised from 3 to 8, according to The Plant List.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metteniusaceae</span> Family of trees

Metteniusaceae are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the order Metteniusales. It consists of about 10 genera and 50 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was formerly restricted to just Metteniusa, but it is now expanded with a number of genera that were formerly placed in the widely polyphyletic Icacinaceae.

<i>Emmotum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Emmotum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Icacinaceae. It has about 13 species. One of these species, E. harleyi, was described in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stemonuraceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Stemonuraceae is a eudicot family of flowering plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aptandraceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Aptandraceae is a family of flowering plants in the sandalwood order Santalales that is recognized by some sources; others sink the family in Olacaceae. The members of the tropical plant family are parasitic on other plants, usually on the roots, and grow as trees, shrubs or woody lianas.

Dendrobangia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Cardiopteridaceae. It was described as a genus in 1896.

References

  1. 1 2 Atkinson, Brian A. (14 November 2022). "Icacinaceae fossil provides evidence for a Cretaceous origin of the lamiids". Nature Plants. 8 (12): 1374–1377. doi:10.1038/s41477-022-01275-y. ISSN   2055-0278. PMID   36376504. S2CID   253521093.
  2. 1 2 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x . Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  3. ↑ "Apodytes dimidiata". November 20, 2017.
  4. ↑ "white pear family - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org.
  5. ↑ "Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see External links below).
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kårehed, Jesper (2001). "Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (12): 2259–2274. doi:10.2307/3558388. JSTOR   3558388. PMID   21669659.
  7. 1 2 3 Stull, G. W., R. Duno de Stefano, D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis (2015). Resolving Basal Lamiid Phylogeny and the Circumscription of Icacinaceae with a Plastome-Scale Data Set. American Journal of Botany 102, no. 11: 1794–1813. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500298.
  8. ↑ Timothy M.A. Utteridge, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Stephen P. Teo, Lydia C. White, and Peter Gasson. 2005. "Sleumeria (Icacinaceae): A New Genus from Northern Borneo". Systematic Botany30(3):635-643.
  9. ↑ Sarr SO, Perrotey S, Fall I, Ennahar S, Zhao M, Diop YM, Candolfi E, Marchioni E.,"Icacina senegalensis (Icacinaceae), traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, inhibits in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth without host cell toxicity." Malar J. 2011 Apr 11;10(1):85
  10. 1 2 Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
  11. ↑ George Bentham. 1841. page 679. In: "Account of two new genera allied to Olacineae". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London18:671-686 & plates 41 and 42. (see External links below).
  12. ↑ Valéry Malécot and Daniel L. Nickrent. 2008. "Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships of Olacaceae and Related Santalales". Systematic Botany33(1):97-106.
  13. ↑ Rodrigo Duno de Stefano, Diego F. Angulo, and Fred W. Stauffer. 2007. "Emmotum harleyi, a New Species from Bahia, Brazil, and Lectotypification of Other Icacinaceae". Novon17(3):306-309.
  14. ↑ Richard A. Howard. 1942. "Studies of the Icacinaceae. III. A revision of Emmotum". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum23:479-494.
  15. ↑ John Miers. 1852. page 221. In: "Observations on the Affinities of the Icacinaceae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, iccluding Zoology, Botany, and Geology, series 2. 9:218-226. (see External links below).
  16. ↑ Philippe E.L. van Tieghem. 1897. page 842. In: "Sur les inséminées à nucelle pourvu d'un seul tégument formant la subdivisions des Unitegminées ou Icacinées". Séance du Mardi 20 Avril 1897. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences124:839-844.
  17. ↑ Philippe E.L. van Tieghem. 1897. "Sur les phanerogams sans graines, formant la divisions des inséminées". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France44:99-139. (see External links below).
  18. ↑ Hermann Sleumer. 1942. "Icacinaceae" pages 322-396. In: H.G. Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl, with Hermann Harms and Johannes Mattfeld (editors). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien volume 20b. Duncker and Humblot: Berlin, Germany. 1960 reprint of 1942 publication.
  19. ↑ Hermann Sleumer. 1969. "Materials toward the knowledge of the Icacinaceae of Asia, Malesia, and adjacent areas". Blumea17(1):181-264.
  20. ↑ Hermann Sleumer. 1971. "Icacinaceae" pages 1-87. In: Cornelis G.G.J. van Steenis (editor). Flora Malesiana series 1, volume 7. Noordhoff International Publishing: Leyden, Holland.
  21. ↑ Gordon P. Guymer. 1984. "Icacinaceae" pages 204-211. In: Alexander S. George (executive editor). Flora of Australia volume 22. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia.
  22. ↑ Hua Peng and Richard A. Howard. 2008. "Icacinaceae" pages 505-514. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). Flora of China volume 11. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  23. ↑ Jesper Kårehed. 2003. "The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society141(1):1-24.
  24. ↑ Gregory M. Plunkett, Gregory T. Chandler, Porter P. Lowry, Steven M. Pinney, and Taylor S. Sprenkle. 2004. "Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification". South African Journal of Botany70(3):371-381.
  25. ↑ Douglas E. Soltis; Pamela S. Soltis; Peter K. Endress; Mark W. Chase (2005). Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms. Sunderland, MA, USA: Sinauer. ISBN   978-0-87893-817-9.
  26. ↑ Favio González, Julio Betancur, Olivier Maurin, John V. Freudenstein, and Mark W. Chase. 2007. "Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade". Taxon56(3):795-800.
  27. ↑ Timothy M.A. Utteridge and Richard K. Brummitt. 2007. "Leptaulaceae" pages 191-192. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007).
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