Zygophyllaceae

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Zygophyllaceae
Larrea tridentata 1.jpg
Larrea tridentata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Zygophyllales
Family: Zygophyllaceae
R.Br.
Subfamilies

Larreoideae
Morkillioideae
Seetzenioideae
Tribuloideae
Zygophylloideae

Contents

Synonyms

Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera. [2]

Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habitats. The leaves are usually opposite, often with stipules and spines. Some are cultivated as ornamental plants, such as species of the Guaiacum , Zygophyllum , Tribulus , and Larrea genera. [3] King Clone, a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in California, is among the world's oldest living organisms.

The distribution of plants in the Zygophyllaceae family can be found worldwide in warm tropics and cool-temperate subtropics with a concentration in hot, arid regions with alkaline soils. [4] Regions with different species from this family include Africa, south Asia, India, Australia and parts of the United States. [5]

Genera

Subfamily Larreoideae
Subfamily Morkillioideae
Subfamily Seetzenioideae
Subfamily Tribuloideae
Subfamily Zygophylloideae [10]
Unplaced

Peganum was in Zygophyllaceae before being moved to the newly created family Nitrariaceae.

Systematics

In the APG III system of classification, the families Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae compose the order Zygophyllales. In the previous version of their classification system, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group had included the option of placing Krameria within Zygophyllaceae.

Zygophyllaceae are divided into five subfamilies. Molecular phylogenies of the family were published in 2000 [15] and 2018. [16] Phylogenies of groups within the family, particularly the predominantly southern African species of Zygophylloideae have also been published. [17] [18] [19]

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships: [10] [15]

Zygophyllales

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aizoaceae</span> Family of dicotyledonous flowering plants

The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly known as 'ice plants' or 'carpet weeds'. The Aizoaceae are also referred to as vygies in South Africa. Some of the unusual Southern African genera—such as Conophytum, Lithops, Titanopsis and Pleiospilos —resemble gemstones, rocks or pebbles, and are sometimes referred to as 'living stones' or 'mesembs'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phaseoleae</span> Tribe of legumes

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<i>Bulnesia arborea</i> Species of flowering plant

Bulnesia arborea is a species of flowering plant in the creosote subfamily (Larreoideae) of family Zygophyllaceae. It is native to Colombia and Venezuela. Related to the true lignum vitae trees (Guaiacum), it is known as Maracaibo lignum vitae or as "verawood".

<i>Fagonia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Fagonia is a genus of wild, flowering plants in the caltrop family, Zygophyllaceae, having about 34 species. The latest reorganization of the genus took place in 2018 when systematists Christenhusz & Byng, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (UK) included Fagonia spp.. along with several other Zygophyllum genera, into a new genus named "Zygophyllum L." Species occurring in the US are commonly referred to as fagonbushes. The distribution of the genus includes parts of Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Mid-East, India, and parts of North & South America. Fagonia species have been used ethnobotanically by traditional practitioners under Ayurvedic and other TM healing regimes for many maladies. Species occur in deserts, dry washes, ditches and on rocky outcrops, including at altitude.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capparaceae</span> Family of caper flowering plants

The Capparaceae, commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 15 genera and about 430 species. The largest genera are Capparis, Morisonia, Maerua, Boscia, and Cadaba.

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<i>Zygophyllum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Zygophyllum is the type genus of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek words ζυγόν (zygon), meaning "double", and φυλλον (phyllon), meaning "leaf". It refers to the leaves, each of which have two leaflets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ehretioideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Ehretioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Boraginaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boraginoideae</span> Subfamily of plants within the borage family (Boraginaceae)

Boraginoideae is a subfamily of the plant family Boraginaceae s.s, with about 42 genera. That family is defined in a much broader sense in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system of classification for flowering plants. The APG has not specified any subfamilial structure within Boraginaceae s.l.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysophylloideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Chrysophylloideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the chicle family, Sapotaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hippocastanoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Hippocastanoideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the soapberry family Sapindaceae. The group was formerly treated as the separate families Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae. Molecular phylogenetic research by Harrington et al. (2005) has shown that while both the Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae are monophyletic in themselves, their removal from the Sapindaceae sensu lato would leave Sapindaceae sensu stricto as a paraphyletic group, particularly with reference to the genus Xanthoceras.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Larreoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Larreoideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tribuloideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Tribuloideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hedysareae</span> Tribe of legumes

Hedysareae is a tribe of plants in the subfamily Faboideae. Hedysareae species have loments, a type of modified legume that breaks apart at constrictions occurring between the segments of the seeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anacardioideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Anacardioideae is a subfamily of plants in the family Anacardiaceae.

<i>Zygophyllum fontanesii</i> Species of succulent

Zygophyllum fontanesii, synonym Tetraena fontanesii, is a species of plant of the family Zygophyllaceae. It is found in Macaronesia and northwest Africa.

Tetraena is a possible genus of flowering plants in the family Zygophyllaceae, subfamily Zygophylloideae. As of January 2025, Plants of the World Online and the World Flora Online accepted it as a synonym of Zygophyllum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zygophylloideae</span>

Zygophylloideae is a subfamily of the family Zygophyllaceae. The subfamily comprises about 180 species of shrubs, subshrubs and herbs, found throughout arid parts of the Palaeotropics and into North and South America. As of February 2025, the division of the subfamily into genera is disputed, with between four and seven genera accepted by different sources.

References

  1. "Zygophyllaceae R. Br., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  2. Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 .
  3. Zygophyllaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
  4. Smith, G. F.; Figueiredo, E. (2022). "Zygophyllaceae". Dicotyledons: Rosids. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85239-9_113-1. ISBN   978-3-030-85239-9.
  5. "Zygophyllales | Desert & Tropical Plants, Medicinal Uses | Britannica".
  6. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Larreoideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  7. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Morkillioideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  8. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Seetzenioideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  9. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Tribuloideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  10. 1 2 Beier, B.-A.; Chase, M. W. & Thulin, M. (2003), "Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of subfamily Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) based on molecular and morphological data", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 240 (1–4): 11–39, Bibcode:2003PSyEv.240...11B, doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0007-0, S2CID   9299742
  11. "Augea Thunb.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  12. "Fagonia Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2025-02-04.
  13. "Tetraena Maxim". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  14. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  15. 1 2 Sheahan MC, Chase MW (2000). "Phylogenetic Relationships within Zygophyllaceae Based on DNA Sequences of Three Plastid Regions, with Special Emphasis on Zygophylloideae". Syst Bot . 25 (2): 371–384. doi:10.2307/2666648. JSTOR   2666648. S2CID   85576133.
  16. Wu, Sheng-Dan; Zhang, Lin-Jing; Lin, Li; Yu, Sheng-Xiang; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Wang, Wei (2018). "Insights into the historical assembly of global dryland floras: the diversification of Zygophyllaceae". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1): 166. Bibcode:2018BMCEE..18..166W. doi: 10.1186/s12862-018-1277-z . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   6234786 . PMID   30413147.
  17. Bellstedt, D.U.; van Zyl, L.; Marais, E.M.; Bytebier, B.; de Villiers, C.A.; Makwarela, A.M.; Dreyer, L.L. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships, character evolution and biogeography of southern African members of Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae) based on three plastid regions". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 932–949. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.019. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   18407526.
  18. Bellstedt, Dirk U.; Galley, Chloé; Pirie, Michael D.; Linder, H. Peter (2012). "The Migration of the Palaeotropical Arid Flora: Zygophylloideae as an Example". Systematic Botany. 37 (4): 951–959. doi:10.1600/036364412X656608. ISSN   0363-6445. S2CID   85625888.
  19. Lauterbach, Maximilian; van der Merwe, Pieter de Wet; Keßler, Lisa; Pirie, Michael D.; Bellstedt, Dirk U.; Kadereit, Gudrun (2016). "Evolution of leaf anatomy in arid environments – A case study in southern African Tetraena and Roepera (Zygophyllaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 97: 129–144. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.002. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   26790586.