Phrymaceae

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Lopseed family
Mimulus tilingii 23134.JPG
Erythranthe tilingii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Phrymaceae
Schauer
Genera

About 11; see text.

Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. [1] It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America. [2] Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains.

Contents

Phrymaceae is a family of mostly herbs and a few subshrubs, bearing tubular, bilaterally symmetric flowers. They can be annuals or perennials. [2] Some of the Australian genera are aquatic or semiaquatic. One of these, Glossostigma, is among the smallest of flowering plants, larger than the aquatic Lemna but similar in size to the terrestrial Lepuropetalon . The smallest members of Phrymaceae are only a few centimeters long, while the largest are woody shrubs to 4 m tall. The floral structure of Phrymaceae is variable, to such an extent that a morphological assessment is difficult. Reproduction is also variable, being brought about by different mating systems which may be sexual or asexual, and may involve outcrossing, self-fertilization, or mixed mating. Some are pollinated by insects, others by hummingbirds. The most common fruit type in this family is a dehiscent capsule containing numerous seeds, but exceptions exist such as an achene, in Phryma leptostachya , or a berry-like fruit in Leucocarpus.

About 16 species are in cultivation. [3] They are known horticulturally as "Mimulus" and were formerly placed in the genus Mimulus when it was defined broadly to include about 150 species. Mimulus, as a botanical name, rather than a common name or horticultural name, now represents a genus of only seven species. Most of its former species have been transferred to Diplacus or Erythranthe. [2] Six of the horticultural species are of special importance. These are Diplacus aurantiacus, Diplacus puniceus, Erythranthe cardinalis, Erythranthe guttata, Erythranthe lutea, and Erythranthe cuprea .

Phrymaceae has recently become a model system for evolutionary studies. [4]

Within the order Lamiales, Phrymaceae is a member of an unnamed clade of five families. [5] This clade has the topology of a phylogenetic grade and can therefore be represented as {Mazaceae [Phrymaceae (Paulowniaceae <Orobanchaceae + Lamiaceae>)]}. [6] Two of these families, Mazaceae and Rehmanniaceae are not part of the APG III system. [7] They were not formally validated until 2011. [8]

The composition of Phrymaceae and the delimitation of genera changed radically from 2002 to 2012 as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies. [9] [10] [11] Previously, Phrymaceae had been monotypic with Phryma leptostachya as its only species. It was limited in geographic range to eastern North America and eastern China. Phryma had been previously placed by Cronquist in Verbenaceae. Research on phylogenetic relationships revealed that several genera, traditionally included in Scrophulariaceae, were actually more closely related to Phryma than to Scrophularia . [12] These genera became part of an expanded Phrymaceae. Mazus and Lancea were included in Phrymaceae for a short time before further studies indicated that they, along with Dodartia should be segregated as a new family, Mazaceae.

As currently understood, Phrymaceae consists of about 210 species in 13 genera. [2] Erythranthe (111 species) and Diplacus (46 species) are much larger than the other genera. Phrymaceae is distributed nearly worldwide but with the majority of species in western North America (about 130 species) and Australia (about 30 species). Phrymaceae consists of four clades, all of which have strong statistical support in cladistic analyses of DNA sequences. No relationships among these four clades have been strongly supported by the bootstrap or posterior probability assessments of clade support in any of the datasets that have been produced so far. One of the four main clades consists of a single species, Phryma leptostachya . Another consists of Mimulus sensu stricto (seven species) and six genera that have an Australian distribution. The other two clades have an American-Asian disjunct distribution. [13] One of these includes the large genus Diplacus, while the other of these includes the other large genus, Erythranthe.

Estimates of the number of species in Phrymaceae have varied widely because of a lack of clear differences between species in certain genera, especially Diplacus and Erythranthe. When these two genera have been treated as segregates of Mimulus, the number of species assigned to Mimulus sensu lato has ranged from about 90 [14] to about 150. [15] A 2008 paper indicates that the actual number of species is well over 150. [4]

In 2012, a revision of Phrymaceae recognized 188 species in the family, but noted that 17 species from Australia and five from North America would be named and described in future publications. Ten of those unnamed species will be in Peplidium , raising the number of species in that genus from four to 14. [2]

Mimulus guttatus from Thome, Flora von Deutschland, Osterreich und der Schweiz 1885 Illustration Mimulus guttatus0.jpg
Mimulus guttatus from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885

Description

The following description is excerpted from the conspectus published in 2012. [2]

Mostly annual or perennial herbs, a few subshrubs. Leaves opposite, sometimes glandular-punctate. Flowers hypogynous; usually in racemes, rarely solitary or in axillary clusters of 2 or 3. Calyx tubular, toothed, usually ribbed below teeth. Corolla zygomorphic, or rarely, sub-actinomorphic; 5-lobed, or rarely reduced to 3 or 4 lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, or rarely 2. Filaments inserted on corolla tube. Carpels 2, bearing many ovules; or rarely, carpel 1 with a single ovule. Stigmas 2-lobed, sensitive except in Elacholoma hornii which has a linear stigma. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, rarely a schizocarp or berry; borne in a persistent calyx. Seeds small; many or only 1 (Phryma).

The family Phrymaceae is mainly defined by the following three characteristics:

Taxonomy

The family Phrymaceae was established in 1847 by Johannes Conrad Schauer as a guest author in the Prodromus of Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle. [16] [17] The family has often been called "Phrymataceae", even in modern times, [18] but the correct name for the family is Phrymaceae. [2]

Until 2002, Phrymaceae was usually defined as consisting of only a single, anomalous species, Phryma leptostachya. Whenever Phrymaceae was not recognized, Phryma was usually placed in the family Verbenaceae, but sometimes in Lamiaceae. [19] Mimulus and its relatives were usually placed in some version of Scrophulariaceae that was much larger than the currently accepted circumscription of that family. [20]

In 2002, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Phryma formed a strongly supported clade with Mimulus and its various relatives. Chloroplast DNA showed Phryma to be embedded within a broadly defined Mimulus, but this result was not strongly supported, and was contradicted by data from the ITS and ETS regions of the nuclear genome. [9]

In 2004, in the most recent comprehensive treatment of families and genera in Lamiales, Phrymaceae consisted of Phryma only. [21] In that treatment, it was suggested that Mimulus and its relatives (8 genera) might be transferred from Scrophulariaceae to Phrymaceae. It was also suggested that 11 other genera in Scrophulariaceae might be transferred in the same way. The 11 "additional genera" were Dodartia, Mazus, Lancea, Bythophyton, Encopella, Hemianthus, Micranthemum, Bryodes, Dintera, Psammetes, and Mimulicalyx . [15]

Dodartia, Mazus, and Lancea make Phrymaceae paraphyletic if they are included within it. [6] [22] They now constitute the related family Mazaceae. [8]

The monotypic genera Bythophyton and Encopella might properly belong to Plantaginaceae tribe Gratioliae. [23] This hypothesis has never been tested by molecular phylogenetics.

Hemianthus is so similar to Micranthemum that its recognition as a separate genus is doubtful. [14] Micranthemum and Bryodes have been shown to be members of Linderniaceae. [5]

The African monotypic genera Dintera and Psammetes are little known and their affinities remain obscure. Mimulicalyx has 2 species, both endemic to China. Their familial placement remains uncertain.

Thus Bythophyton, Encopella, Dintera, Psammetes, and Mimulicalyx might be considered as possible members of Phrymaceae since they have not been unequivocally placed elsewhere. Instead of recognizing Phrymaceae and several of the other Lamiales families of APG III, some authors have chosen to maintain a large polyphyletic Scrophulariaceae until there is a clear understanding of how it should be "disintegrated". [19]

Genera

A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae published in 2012 included 13 genera. In that conspectus, Eunanus, Tricholoma, and Berendtiella were not accepted as they are in some recent works. Eunanus is reduced to a section in Diplacus. Tricholoma is subsumed within Glossostigma. [2] Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Cyrtandromoea also belonged in the family, [24] a placement accepted by Plants of the World Online, which also accepts the monospecific genus Mimulicalyx, producing a total of 15 genera. [25]

Related Research Articles

<i>Diplacus aurantiacus</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus aurantiacus, the sticky monkey-flower or orange bush monkey-flower, is a flowering plant that grows in a subshrub form, native to southwestern North America from southwestern Oregon south through most of California. It is a member of the lopseed family, Phrymaceae. It was formerly known as Mimulus aurantiacus.

<i>Mimulus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Mimulus, also known as monkeyflowers, is a plant genus in the family Phrymaceae, which was traditionally placed in family Scrophulariaceae. The genus now contains only seven species, two native to eastern North America and the other five native to Asia, Australia, Africa, or Madagascar. In the past, about 150 species were placed in this genus, most of which have since been assigned to other genera, the majority to genus Erythranthe.

<i>Diplacus rupicola</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus rupicola, the Death Valley monkeyflower, is a flowering plant in the family Phrymaceae.

Diplacus aridus, is a species of monkeyflower with yellow blossoms. It was formerly known as Mimulus aridus.

<i>Diplacus angustatus</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus angustatus is a species of monkeyflower known by the common names purplelip pansy monkeyflower and narrowleaf pansy monkeyflower.

Diplacus bolanderi is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Bolander's monkeyflower.

<i>Erythranthe breviflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe breviflora is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name shortflower monkeyflower. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Wyoming to the Modoc Plateau and northern Sierra Nevada in California. It grows in moist areas in several types of habitat. It was formerly known as Mimulus breviflorus.

<i>Erythranthe floribunda</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe floribunda is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name many-flowered monkeyflower. It is native to western North America from western Canada to California and northern Mexico, to the Rocky Mountains. It grows in many types of habitat, especially moist areas. It was formerly known as Mimulus floribundus.

<i>Diplacus fremontii</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus fremontii is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Frémont's monkeyflower. It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows in mountain and desert habitat, especially moist or disturbed areas. It was formerly known as Mimulus fremontii.

Erythranthe gracilipes is an uncommon species of monkeyflower known by the common name slenderstalk monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus gracilipes.

<i>Diplacus mephiticus</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus mephiticus is a species of monkeyflower known by the common names skunky monkeyflower and foul odor monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus mephiticus.

<i>Diplacus mohavensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus mohavensis is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Mojave monkeyflower.

<i>Diplacus nanus</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus nanus is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name dwarf purple monkeyflower. It is native to California and the Northwestern United States to Montana. It grows in moist habitat, often in bare or disturbed soils. It was formerly known as Mimulus nanus.

<i>Diplacus pulchellus</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus pulchellus is an uncommon species of monkeyflower known by the common name yellowlip pansy monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus pulchellus.

Erythranthe purpurea is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name little purple monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus purpureus.

<i>Diplacus pygmaeus</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus pygmaeus is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Egg Lake monkeyflower.

Diplacus rattanii is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Rattan's monkeyflower.

<i>Diplacus tricolor</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus tricolor is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name tricolor monkeyflower. It is native to Oregon and California. It grows in seasonally wet habitats such as meadows and vernal pools, including those in the San Joaquin Valley and near north coast oak woodlands. It was formerly known as Mimulus tricolor.

Diplacus viscidus is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name sticky monkeyflower.

<i>Erythranthe gemmipara</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe gemmipara is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Phrymaceae, known by the common name Rocky Mountain monkeyflower. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States, where there are eight known occurrences. It was formerly known as Mimulus gemmiparus.

References

  1. ↑ Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Phrymaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Barker, W. L. (Bill); Nesom, Guy L.; Beardsley, Paul M.; Fraga, Naomi S. (2012). "A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phyrmaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for Mimulus, New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 39: 1–60. ISSN   2153-733X.
  3. ↑ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN   978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
  4. 1 2 Carrie A. Wu, David B. Lowry, Arielle M. Cooley, Kevin M. Wright, Y.W. Lee, and John H. Willis. 2008. "Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies". Heredity 100(2):220-230. doi : 10.1038/sj.hdy.6801018. (See External links below).
  5. 1 2 Bastian Schäferhoff, Andreas Fleischmann, Eberhard Fischer, Dick C. Albach, Thomas Borsch, Günther Heubl, and Kai F. Müller. 2010. "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences". BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 10:352. doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-10-352 (See External links below).
  6. 1 2 Nancy F. Refulio-Rodriguez and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Phylogeny of Lamiidae". American Journal of Botany 101(2):287-299. doi : 10.3732/ajb.1300394
  7. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x . Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  8. 1 2 James L. Reveal.2011. page 47. In: "Summary of recent systems of angiosperm classification". Kew Bulletin66(1):5-48.
  9. 1 2 Paul M. Beardsley and Richard G. Olmstead. 2002. "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany89(7):1093-1102. doi : 10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. (See External links below).
  10. ↑ Paul M. Beardsley, Steve E. Schoenig, Justen B. Whittall, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2004. "Patterns of evolution in western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany91(3):474-489. doi : 10.3732/ajb.91.3.474
  11. ↑ Paul M. Beardsley and William R. Barker. 2005. "Patterns of evolution in Australian Mimulus and related genera (Phrymaceae ~ Scrophulariaceae): a molecular phylogeny using chloroplast and nuclear sequence data". Australian Systematic Botany18(1):61-73. doi : 10.1071/SB04034
  12. ↑ Bengt Oxelman, Per Kornhall, Richard G. Olmstead & Birgitta Bremer. 2005. "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceaea". Taxon54(2): 411-425.
  13. ↑ Jun Wen, Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, Ze-Long Nie, and Rong Li. 2010. "Timing and modes of evolution of eastern Asian - North American biogeographic disjunctions in seed plants". In: Long, M., Gu, H. and Zhou, Z., Darwin's Heritage Today : Proceedings of the Darwin 2010 Beijing International Conference. Beijing: Higher Education Press, pp.252-269.
  14. 1 2 David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN   978-0-521-82071-4.
  15. 1 2 Eberhard Fischer. 2004. pages 401-405. In: "Scrophulariaceae" pages 333-432. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN   978-3-540-40593-1
  16. ↑ Phrymaceae in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
  17. ↑ Johannes Conrad Schauer. 1847. "Phrymaceae" pages 520-521. In: Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle (editor). Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis [...] volume 11. Sumptibus Victoris Masson. Paris, France. (See External links below).
  18. ↑ Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). page 557. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN   978-1-4020-9608-2. ISBN   978-1-4020-9609-9 doi : 10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9
  19. 1 2 Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN   978-1-55407-206-4.
  20. ↑ David C. Tank, Paul M. Beardsley, Scot A. Kelchner, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2006. "Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. and their current disposition". Australian Systematic Botany19(6):289-307. doi : 10.1071/SB05009 (See External links below).
  21. ↑ Philip D. Cantino. 2004. "Phrymaceae". pages 323-326. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN   978-3-540-40593-1
  22. ↑ Dirk C. Albach, Kun Yan, Søren R. Jensen, and Hong-Qing Li. 2009. "Phylogenetic placement of Triaenophora (formerly Scrophulariaceae) with some implications for the phylogeny of Lamiales". Taxon58(3):749-756.
  23. ↑ Dirk C. Albach, Heidi M. Meudt, and Bengt Oxelman. 2005. "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92(2):297-315. doi : 10.3732/ajb.92.2.297
  24. ↑ Liu, Bing; Tan, Yun‐Hong; Liu, Su; Olmstead, Richard G.; Min, Dao‐Zhang; Chen, Zhi‐Duan; Joshee, Nirmal; Vaidya, Brajesh N.; Chung, Richard C. K. & Li, Bo (2019), "Phylogenetic Relationships of Cyrtandromoea and Wightia Revisited: a New Tribe in Phrymaceae and a New Family in Lamiales", Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 58 (1): 1–17, doi:10.1111/JSE.12513, S2CID   182811049
  25. ↑ "Phrymaceae Schauer". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
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