Lamiales

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Lamiales
Temporal range: Ypresian-Recent [1]
Galeopsis speciosa (Zellwald).jpg
Galeopsis speciosa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Clade: Lamiids
Order: Lamiales
Bromhead [2]
Families [3]

The Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order of flowering plants in the asterids clade of the Eudicots. [4] Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification the order consists of 24 families, [4] and includes about 23,810 species and 1,059 genera [5] with representatives found all over the world. [6] Well-known or economically important members of this order include aromatic, culinary, and medicinal herbs such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, perilla, lemon verbena, catnip, bee balm, wild dagga, and oriental motherwort, as well as olives, ash trees, teak, foxgloves, lilacs, jasmine, snapdragons, African violets, Jacarandas, Paulownias, butterfly bushes, sesame, and psyllium.

Contents

Description

Example of Lamiales characteristics (shown on species Lavandula angustifolia) Lavandula angustifolia - Kohler-s Medizinal-Pflanzen-087.jpg
Example of Lamiales characteristics (shown on species Lavandula angustifolia )

Plant species within the order Lamiales are eudicots and are herbaceous or have woody stems. [7] Zygomorphic flowers are common, having five petals with an upper lip of two petals and lower lip of three petals, but actinomorphic flowers are also seen. [7] [8] Species potentially have five stamens, but these are typically reduced to two or four. [7] [8] Lamiales also produce a single style attached to an ovary typically containing two carpels. [9] The ovary is mostly observed to be superior. [10] The inflorescence is typically seen as cyme, raceme or spike. [6] The fruit type is usually dehiscent capsules. [11]  Glandular hairs are present on the plants. [7]

Carnivorous plant in the order Lamiales; Utricularia aurea Utricularia aurea 8 Darwiniana.jpg
Carnivorous plant in the order Lamiales; Utricularia aurea

A number of species of carnivorous plants are found in the families Lentibulariaceae and Byblidaceae. [6] Protocarnivorous plant species have also been found in the order, specifically in the Martyniaceae family. [6]

Parasitic plant in the order Lamiales; Cordylanthus rigidus Cordylanthusrigidus.jpg
Parasitic plant in the order Lamiales; Cordylanthus rigidus

Parasitic plant species are found in the order, belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. [6] These parasitic plants can either be hemi-parasites or holoparasites. [6]

Taxonomy

Phylogeny

The APG IV system gives the following cladogram for Lamiales. [3]

Lamiales

The Lamiales previously had a restricted circumscription (e.g., by Arthur Cronquist) that included the major families Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Verbenaceae, and Boraginaceae, plus a few smaller families. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Lamiales were in the superorder Lamiiflorae (also called Lamianae). Recent phylogenetic work has shown the Lamiales are polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales. Lamiales has become the preferred name for this much larger combined group. The placement of the Boraginaceae is unclear, but phylogenetic work shows this family does not belong in Lamiales.[ citation needed ]

Also, the circumscription of family Scrophulariaceae, formerly a paraphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined, and putatively monophyletic families. [12]

Dating

Much research has been conducted in recent years regarding the dating the Lamiales lineage, although there still remains some ambiguity. A 2004 study, on the molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants, estimated 106 million years (MY) for the stem lineage of Lamiales. [13] A similar study in 2009 estimated 80 million years. [14] Another 2009 study gives several reasons why the issue is particularly difficult to solve. [6]


Habitat

The Lamiales order can be found in almost all kinds of habitats world-wide. [15] These habitats include forests, valleys, grasslands, rocky terrain, rainforests, the tropics, temperate regions, marshes, coastlines, and even frozen areas. [10] [15] [16]

Uses

The order Lamiales has a variety of species with anthropogenic uses, the most popular belonging to the Lamiaceae and Acanthaceae families. [16] Many of these species in the order Lamiales produce medicinal properties from alkaloids and saponins to help a variety of infections and diseases. [16] These alkaloids and saponins may help with digestion, the common cold or flu, asthma, liver infections, pulmonary infections and contain antioxidant properties. [16]

Species within the order are also known to have properties to repel insects and help control harmful diseases from insects, such as Malaria from mosquitos. [17] [16] Plants of the family Acanthaceae have bioactive secondary metabolites within their mature leaves, which have been found to be toxic to insect larvae. [17] Botanical derived insecticides are a good alternate for chemical or synthetic insecticides as it is inexpensive, abundant and safe for other plants, non-target organisms and the environment. [17]

Many species within the order are used as decorations, flavouring agents, cosmetics and fragrances. [16] Natural dyes can also be extracted from Lamiales species. [16] [18] For example, in Sardinia culture, the most common Lamiales plant species used for natural dyes is Lavandula stoechas, where a light-green dye is extracted from the stem. [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ericales</span> Order of eudicot flowering plants

The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons. Species in this order have considerable commercial importance including for tea, persimmon, blueberry, kiwifruit, Brazil nuts, argan, cranberry, sapote, and azalea. The order includes trees, bushes, lianas, and herbaceous plants. Together with ordinary autophytic plants, the Ericales include chlorophyll-deficient mycoheterotrophic plants and carnivorous plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malpighiales</span> Eudicot order of flowering plants

The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants. The order is very diverse, with well-known members including willows, violets, aspens and poplars, poinsettia, corpse flower, coca plant, cassava, flaxseed, castor bean, Saint John's wort, passionfruit, mangosteen, and manchineel tree.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vitaceae</span> Family of flowering plants that includes grapes and Virginia creeper

The Vitaceae are a family of flowering plants, with 14 genera and around 910 known species, including common plants such as grapevines and Virginia creeper. The family name is derived from the genus Vitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cornales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Cornales are an order of flowering plants, early diverging among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within the Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior to half-inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gentianales</span> Order of flowering plant

Gentianales is an order of flowering plant, included within the asterid clade of eudicots. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families. More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family Rubiaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae. It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales. One of the traits is the absence of a vascular cambium, which is required to produce both xylem (wood) and phloem, which therefore are missing. Molecular synapomorphies are also known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zygophyllaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lentibulariaceae</span> Family of carnivorous plants

Lentibulariaceae is a family of carnivorous plants containing three genera: Genlisea, the corkscrew plants; Pinguicula, the butterworts; and Utricularia, the bladderworts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asphodelaceae</span> Family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales

Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 40 genera and 900 known species. The type genus is Asphodelus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paulowniaceae</span> Family of trees

Paulowniaceae are a family of flowering plants within the Lamiales. They are a monophyletic and monogeneric family of trees with currently 7 confirmed species. They were formerly placed within Scrophulariaceae sensu lato, or as a segregate of the Bignoniaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phrymaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America. Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains.

<i>Rehmannia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae

Rehmannia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the order Lamiales and family Orobanchaceae, endemic to China. It has been placed as the only member of the monotypic tribe Rehmannieae, but molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that it forms a clade with Triaenophora. Contrary to the immense majority of the taxa of Orobanchaceae, Rehmannia is not parasitic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eudicots</span> Clade of flowering plants

The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants (angiosperms) which are mainly characterized by having two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from dicotyledon. Historically, authors have used the terms tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots. The current botanical terms were introduced in 1991, by evolutionary botanist James A. Doyle and paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton, to emphasize the later evolutionary divergence of tricolpate dicots from earlier, less specialized, dicots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosids</span> Large clade of flowering plants

The rosids are members of a large clade of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asterids</span> Clade of eudicot angiosperms

In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade. Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. Well-known plants in this clade include the common daisy, forget-me-nots, nightshades, the common sunflower, petunias, yacon, morning glory, lettuce, sweet potato, coffee, lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, honeysuckle, ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, garden sage, blueberries, table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary, and rainforest trees such as Brazil nut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asparagaceae</span> Family of plants

Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, Asparagus officinalis. This family includes both common garden plants as well as common houseplants. The garden plants include asparagus, yucca, bluebell, and hosta, and the houseplants include snake plant, corn cane, spider plant, and plumosus fern.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cabombaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Cabombaceae are a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants. A common name for its species is water shield. The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016). The family consists of two genera of aquatic plants, Brasenia and Cabomba, totalling six species.

<i>Euptelea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Euptelea is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the monogeneric family Eupteleaceae. The genus is found from Assam east through China to Japan, and consists of shrubs or small trees:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boraginales</span> Order of flowering plants within the lammiid clade of eudicots

Boraginales is an order of flowering plants in the asterid clade, with a total of about 125 genera and 2,700 species. Different taxonomic treatments either include only a single family, the Boraginaceae, or divide it into up to eleven families. Its herbs, shrubs, trees and lianas (vines) have a worldwide distribution.

References

  1. ↑ M. E. J. Chandler. 1964. The Lower Tertiary Floras of Southern England. IV. A summary and survey of findings in the light of recent botanical observations.
  2. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x . hdl: 10654/18083 .
  3. 1 2 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1111/boj.12385 .
  4. 1 2 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1111/boj.12385 .
  5. ↑ Allaby, Michael, ed. (2019). A Dictionary of Plant Sciences (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198833338.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-19-883333-8.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Schäferhoff, Bastian; Fleischmann, Andreas; Fischer, Eberhard; Albach, Dirk C; Borsch, Thomas; Heubl, Günther; Müller, Kai F (2010). "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 352. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..352S. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-352 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   2992528 . PMID   21073690.
  7. 1 2 3 4 J. W. Kadereit, ed. (2004). Flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Berlin: Springer. ISBN   3-540-40593-3. OCLC   53375899.
  8. 1 2 Endress, Peter K (February 2001). "Evolution of floral symmetry". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 4 (1): 86–91. Bibcode:2001COPB....4...86E. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00140-0. PMID   11163173.
  9. ↑ Westerkamp, Christian; Claßen-Bockhoff, Regine (2007-08-01). "Bilabiate Flowers: The Ultimate Response to Bees?". Annals of Botany. 100 (2): 361–374. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm123 . ISSN   1095-8290. PMC   2735325 . PMID   17652341.
  10. 1 2 Zhang, Caifei; Zhang, Taikui; Luebert, Federico; Xiang, Yezi; Huang, Chien-Hsun; Hu, Yi; Rees, Mathew; Frohlich, Michael W; Qi, Ji; Weigend, Maximilian; Ma, Hong (2020-11-01). Saitou, Naruya (ed.). "Asterid Phylogenomics/Phylotranscriptomics Uncover Morphological Evolutionary Histories and Support Phylogenetic Placement for Numerous Whole-Genome Duplications". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (11): 3188–3210. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaa160 . ISSN   0737-4038. PMID   32652014.
  11. ↑ McDade, L. A.; Daniel, T. F.; Kiel, C. A. (2008-09-01). "Toward a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s.l. (Lamiales)". American Journal of Botany. 95 (9): 1136–1152. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800096. ISSN   0002-9122. PMID   21632432.
  12. ↑ Schäferhoff, Bastian; Fleischmann, Andreas; Fischer, Eberhard; Albach, Dirk C; Borsch, Thomas; Heubl, Günther; Müller, Kai F (2010). "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 352. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..352S. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-352 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   2992528 . PMID   21073690.
  13. ↑ Bremer, K.; Friis, E. M.; Bremer, B. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants shows early Cretaceous diversification". Systematic Biology. 53 (3): 496–505. doi: 10.1080/10635150490445913 . ISSN   1063-5157. PMID   15503676.
  14. ↑ Susana Magallón & Amanda Castillo (2009), "Angiosperm diversification through time", American Journal of Botany, 96 (1): 349–365, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060, PMID   21628193
  15. 1 2 Fonseca, Luiz Henrique M. (November 2021). "Combining molecular and geographical data to infer the phylogeny of Lamiales and its dispersal patterns in and out of the tropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 164: 107287. Bibcode:2021MolPE.16407287F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107287. PMID   34365014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sharma, Archna; Sharma, Alka; Kumar, Vijay; Kumar, Ashwini (2015). "Selected Medicinal Plants of Order Lamiales Used in Traditional Medicine". American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research. 3 (1) – via ResearchGate.
  17. 1 2 3 Rawani, Anjali; Ghosh, Anupam; Chandra, Goutam (July 2014). "Mosquito larvicidal potential of four common medicinal plants of India". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 140 (1): 102–108. ISSN   0975-9174. PMC   4181141 . PMID   25222784.
  18. 1 2 Maxia, Andrea; Meli, Francesca; Gaviano, Carla; Picciau, Rosangela; De Martis, Bruno; Kasture, Sanjay; Kasture, Veene (2013). "Dye plants: Natural resources from traditional botanical knowledge of Sardinia Island, Italy". Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge: 651–656.
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