Huerteales

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Huerteales
Starr 020925-0042 Perrottetia sandwicensis.jpg
Perrottetia sandwicensis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Clade: Malvids
Order: Huerteales
Doweld [1]
Families

Huerteales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. [2] It is one of the 17 orders that make up the large eudicot group known as the rosids in the APG III system of plant classification. [1] [3] Within the rosids, it is one of the orders in Malvidae, [4] a group formerly known as eurosids II and now known informally as the malvids. This is true whether Malvidae is circumscribed broadly to include eight orders as in APG III, or more narrowly to include only four orders. [1] Huerteales consists of four small families, Petenaeaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Tapisciaceae, and Dipentodontaceae. [5]

Contents

Petenaeaceae consists of a single genus and species Petenaea cordata from Southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. [6]

Gerrardinaceae consists of a single genus, Gerrardina . [7] Tapisciaceae has two genera, Tapiscia and Huertea . [8] [9]

Until 2006, Dipentodontaceae was treated as consisting of a single genus, Dipentodon . [10] Since that time, some authors have included Perrottetia in Dipentodontaceae, even though no formal revision of the family has been published as of 2008. [11] Thus the order Huerteales consists of six genera. The largest genus, Perrottetia, contains about 15 of the approximate total of 25 species in the order. [12]

The Huerteales are shrubs or small trees found in most tropical or warm temperate regions. The flowers of Perrottetia have been studied in detail, [13] but otherwise, all five of the genera are poorly known. The order is based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences.

Description

All of the Huerteales are woody plants. The leaves are alternate with toothed margins. The inflorescence is cymose, but sometimes nearly racemose or umbelliform. The bases of the calyx, corolla and stamens are fused to form a hypanthium which is in some cases very short. The ovary is unilocular, at least at the top, with one or two ovules per carpel. The number of carpels is variable.

Other characters are generally found in Huerteales, but with the exceptions noted below. Gerrardina differs from the rest of Huerteales in that the stamens are opposite the petals, instead of being opposite the sepals. Dipentodon and Perrottetia are distinctive in that the calyx and corolla are not well differentiated, but resemble each other. Tapiscia and Huertea have a calyx tube and compound, rather than simple leaves. Tapiscia has a uniloculate ovary with a single ovule. [9] Huertea has one locule containing two ovules, or two locules, each containing one ovule. [8] Gerrardina, Dipentodon, and Perrottetia have two ovules in each locule. Tapiscia lacks the nectary disk that is characteristic of the order. Huertea lacks stipules.

History

Until the first decade of the twenty-first century, the five genera of Huerteales had usually been placed into three unrelated families. Tapiscia and Huertea had long been known to be related. Most authors had placed them in Staphyleaceae and had placed that family in the order Sapindales. Armen Takhtajan established the family Tapisciaceae in 1987 and placed it in Sapindales, but this treatment was not followed by many others and it did not stand up to phylogenetic analysis. Since that time, Staphyleaceae has been recircumscribed. It no longer includes Tapiscia and Huertea [14] and it is in the order Crossosomatales. [15]

For most of the twentieth century, Gerrardina and Dipentodon had usually been placed in Flacourtiaceae, a family that is now recognized by only a few taxonomists, and then only as a segregate of Salicaceae. [16] [17] Perrottetia, meanwhile, had usually been placed, with considerable doubt, in Celastraceae. [18]

Ever since Dipentodon was named in 1911, there had been occasional suggestions that it might be related to Tapiscia and Huertea. [5] In 2001, Alexander Doweld established the order Huerteales, [19] defining it to consist of Tapiscia, Huertea, and Dipentodon. [20] This grouping was later supported by molecular phylogenetic studies. [5] In 2006, a study of DNA sequences showed that Perrottetia was misplaced in Celastrales and that it is sister to Dipentodon in Huerteales. [18] Also in 2006, it was found that Gerrardina is a malvid, but its placement within this group remained uncertain. [7]

In 2009, Andreas Worberg and co-authors produced the first phylogenetic study that included all of the genera of Huerteales. From one of their data matrices, they derived a well supported phylogeny for the order, as well as strongly supported relationships among the four orders of malvids. [5]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny shown below is the one found by Worberg and co-authors. Monospecific genera are represented by species names.

Sapindales

Huerteales 

Petenaea cordata

Gerrardina

Tapiscia sinensis

Huertea

Dipentodon sinicus

Perrottetia

Brassicales

Malvales

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sapindales</span> Order of flowering plants

Sapindales is an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Sapindales include citrus; maples, horse-chestnuts, lychees and rambutans; mangos and cashews; frankincense and myrrh; mahogany and neem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santalales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Santalales are an order of flowering plants with a cosmopolitan distribution, but heavily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions. It derives its name from its type genus Santalum (sandalwood). Mistletoe is the common name for a number of parasitic plants within the order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosidae</span>

Under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Celastrales</span> Order of flowering plants, mostly from tropics and subtropics

The Celastrales are an order of flowering plants found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. The 1200 to 1350 species are in about 100 genera. All but seven of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae. Until recently, the composition of the order and its division into families varied greatly from one author to another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Primulaceae</span> Family of flowering plants that includes the primroses

The Primulaceae, commonly known as the primrose family, are a family of herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden plants and wildflowers. Most are perennial though some species, such as scarlet pimpernel, are annuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</span> Collaborative research group for the classification of flowering plants

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limnanthaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Limnanthaceae are a small family of annual herbs occurring throughout temperate North America. There are eight species and nineteen taxa currently recognized. Members of this family are prominent in vernal pool communities of California. Some taxa have been domesticated for use as an oil seed crop. Some members are listed as threatened or endangered and have been the focus of disputes over development plans

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eudicots</span> Clade of flowering plants

The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosids</span> Large clade of flowering plants

The rosids are members of a large clade of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms.

The APG II system of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was a revision of the first APG system, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009 by a further revision, the APG III system.

Dipentodon is a genus of flowering plants in the family Dipentodontaceae. Its only species, Dipentodon sinicus, is a small, deciduous tree native to southern China, northern Myanmar, and northern India. It has been little studied and until recently its affinities remained obscure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caryophyllales</span> Order of flowering plants

Caryophyllales is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families with the exception of Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae.

<i>Gerrardina</i> Genus of flowering plants

Gerrardina is a genus of two species of trees, shrubs, and scrambling shrubs found in southeastern Africa. Until recently, the genus was placed in the polyphyletic family Flacourtiaceae, but it was abnormal there due to its apical placentation, small embryos, and mucilaginous foliar epidermis. Analyses of DNA data indicated that the genus did not fit in any known plant family and not clearly in any then-recognized order, and a new family, Gerrardinaceae, was thus created for it. Later analyses of additional DNA data and data from wood anatomy indicated that the family should be placed in the order Huerteales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lepidobotryaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Lepidobotryaceae is a family of plants in the order Celastrales. It contains only two species: Lepidobotrys staudtii and Ruptiliocarpon caracolito.

Lepuropetalon is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Before it was placed in the family when it was defined by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group's APG III system in 2009, it had been placed with Parnassia in the family Parnassiaceae, now usually treated as a segregate of Celastraceae. When their most recent revision of Angiosperm classification was published in 2016, it retained its position in the family Celastraceae. Lepuropetalon has only one species, Lepuropetalon spathulatum. It is a winter annual that is most abundant in eastern Texas and western Louisiana. From there, it occurs sporadically southward into Mexico, and eastward through the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain, and rarely in the Piedmont Plateau, to North Carolina. It has a disjunct distribution. In addition to the area mentioned above, it is also found in Uruguay and central Chile.

When the APG II system of plant classification was published in April 2003, fifteen genera and three families were placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms, and were listed in a section of the appendix entitled "Taxa of uncertain position".

The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a further revision, the APG IV system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picramniaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Picramniaceae is a small, mainly neotropical family of four genera Aenigmanu, Alvaradoa, Nothotalisia and Picramnia. The family is the only member of the order Picramniales. Members of the family were formerly placed in the family Simaroubaceae or misidentified as species in the family Sapindaceae, in the order Sapindales. The most recent standard classification of the Angiosperms distinguishes it as a separate family and order. It belongs to the malvids, one of the three groups that constitute the rosids.

Petenaea cordata was first described in Elaeocarpaceae and later placed in Tiliaceae, but most authors have been uncertain about its familial affinities. It was considered a taxon incertae sedis in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification. Molecular analyses based on a recent collection from Guatemala indicate a distant, weakly supported sister-group relationship to the African genus Gerrardina. As no obvious synapomorphies exist for Gerrardina and Petenaea, the new monogeneric family Petenaeaceae was proposed. The polymorphic order Huerteales now comprises four small families: Dipentodontaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Petenaeaceae and Tapisciaceae. Petenaea cordata is the only species in the genus Petenaea.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x .
  2. ↑ Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Huerteales". In: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
  3. ↑ Hengchang Wang, Michael J. Moore, Pamela S. Soltis, Charles D. Bell, Samuel F. Brockington, Roolse Alexandre, Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Steven R. Manchester, and Douglas E. Soltis (10 Mar 2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (10): 3853–3858, Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 , PMC   2644257 , PMID   19223592 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Philip D. Cantino, James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham, Walter S. Judd, Richard G. Olmstead, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, and Michael J. Donoghue (2007), "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta" (PDF), Taxon, 56 (3): 822–846, doi:10.2307/25065865, JSTOR   25065865 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 3 4 Andreas Worberg, Mac H. Alford, Dietmar Quandt, and Thomas Borsch. 2009. "Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia. Taxon58(2):468-478.
  6. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M., Fay, M. F., Clarkson, J. J., Gasson, P., Morales Can, J., Jiménez Barrios, J. B. & Chase, M. W. (2010). Petenaeaceae, a new angiosperm family in Huerteales with a distant relationship to Gerrardina (Gerrardinaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 16–25.
  7. 1 2 Mac H. Alford. 2006. "Gerrardinaceae: a new family of African flowering plants unresolved among Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales." Taxon55(4):959-964.
  8. 1 2 Klaus Kubitzki. 2003. "Tapisciaceae" pages 369-370. In: Klaus Kubitski and Clemens Bayer (editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume V. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.
  9. 1 2 Dezhu Li, Jie Cai, and Wen Jun. 2008. "Tapisciaceae" page 496. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). Flora of China volume 11. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  10. ↑ Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007).
  11. ↑ Jinshuang Ma and Bruce Bartholomew. 2008. "Dipentodontaceae" pages 494-495. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). Flora of China volume 11. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  12. ↑ Mark P. Simmons. 2004. "Celastraceae" page 50. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.
  13. ↑ Merran L. Matthews and Peter K. Endress (2005). "Comparative floral structure and systematics in Celastrales". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society149(2):129-194
  14. ↑ Sarah L. Simmons. 2007. "Staphyleaceae" pages 440-445. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.
  15. ↑ Sang-Hun Oh and Daniel Potter. 2006. "Description and Phylogenetic Position of a New Angiosperm Family, Guamatelaceae, Inferred from Chloroplast rbcL, atpB, and matK Sequences." Systematic Botany31(4):730-738.
  16. ↑ Mark W. Chase, Sue Zmarzty, M. Dolores Lledó, Kenneth J. Wurdack, Susan M. Swensen, and Michael F. Fay. 2002. "When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid rbcL DNA sequences." Kew Bulletin57(1):141-181.
  17. ↑ Sue Zmarzty et alii. (in press). "Salicaceae" In: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.
  18. 1 2 Li-Bing Zhang and Mark P. Simmons (2006). "Phylogeny and Delimitation of the Celastrales Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid Genes". Systematic Botany 31(1):122-137.
  19. ↑ James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see External links below).
  20. ↑ Alexander B. Doweld. 2001. Tentamen Systematis Plantarum Vascularium (Tracheophyta).: xxxv. 23 Dec 2001.
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