Gesneriaceae

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Gesneriaceae
PikiWiki Israel 32204 Saintpaulia Ionantha.jpg
Streptocarpus ionanthus (an African violet) - a common household plant and a member of the family
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Gesneriaceae
Rich. & Juss. in DC, nom. cons. [1] [2]
Subfamilies

See text.

Haberlea rhodopensis flowers Haberlea rhodopensis0.jpg
Haberlea rhodopensis flowers
Corytoplectus capitatus is a large plant with fruit that are black berries. Corytoplectus capitatus.jpg
Corytoplectus capitatus is a large plant with fruit that are black berries.
Ramonda myconi fruit are dry dehiscent capsules. Ramonda myconi MHNT.BOT.2011.18.7.jpg
Ramonda myconi fruit are dry dehiscent capsules.

Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, [3] [4] is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species [5] in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (almost all Didymocarpoideae) and the New World (most Gesnerioideae), with a very small number extending to temperate areas. Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.

Contents

Etymology

The family name is based on the genus Gesneria , which honours Swiss naturalist and humanist Conrad Gessner. [6]

Description

Most species are herbaceous perennials or subshrubs but a few are woody shrubs or small trees. The phyllotaxy is usually opposite and decussate, but leaves have a spiral or alternate arrangement in some groups. As with other members of the Lamiales the flowers have a (usually) zygomorphic corolla whose petals are fused into a tube and there is no one character that separates a gesneriad from any other member of Lamiales. [4] Gesneriads differ from related families of the Lamiales in having an unusual inflorescence structure, the "pair-flowered cyme", but some gesneriads lack this characteristic, and some other Lamiales (Calceolariaceae and some Scrophulariaceae) share it. The ovary can be superior, half-inferior or fully inferior, and the fruit a dry or fleshy capsule or a berry. The seeds are always small and numerous. Gesneriaceae have traditionally been separated from Scrophulariaceae by having a unilocular rather than bilocular ovary, with parietal rather than axile placentation.

Taxonomy

"Gesneriaceae" is a conserved name (nom. cons.), [2] meaning that although alternative, less well used names for the family were published earlier, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants specifies this as the name to be used. It was published by Louis Claude Richard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1816. [1] In 1829, Barthélemy Dumortier divided the family into two tribes, based on the number of stamens. [7] However, the only genus he placed in his two-stamen tribe, Columellia , is now placed in the separate family Columelliaceae. [8] Dumortier's publication has been treated as the first for the family by some sources. [9]

Botanists who have made significant contributions to the systematics of the family are George Bentham, Robert Brown, B.L. Burtt, C.B. Clarke, Olive Mary Hilliard, Joseph Dalton Hooker, William Jackson Hooker, Karl Fritsch, Elmer Drew Merrill, Harold E. Moore Jr., John L. Clark, Conrad Vernon Morton, Henry Nicholas Ridley, Laurence Skog, W.T. Wang, Anton Weber, and Hans Wiehler.[ citation needed ] The Gesneriad Society is an international horticultural society devoted to the promotion, cultivation, and study of Gesneriaceae. [10]

Phylogeny

From about 1997 onwards, molecular phylogenetic studies led to extensive changes in the classification of the family Gesneriaceae and its genera, many of which have been re-circumscribed or synonymized. New species are still being discovered, particularly in Asia, and may further change generic boundaries. A consensus phylogeny used to build classifications of the family in 2013 and 2020 is shown below (to the level of tribes). The family Calceolariaceae is shown as the sister to Gesneriaceae. [11] [12]

Peltanthera

Calceolariaceae

Gesneriaceae

Sanangoideae ( Sanango )

Gesnerioideae

Titanotricheae ( Titanotrichum )

Napeantheae ( Napeanthus )

Beslerieae

Coronanthereae

Gesnerieae

Didymocarpoideae

Epithemateae

Trichosporeae

A phylogenomic study published in 2021 which used 418 nuclear genes confirmed the monophyly of all the subfamilies and tribes. It resolved Peltanthera as sister to a clade of Calceolariaceae and Gesneriaceae. Within the Gesnerioideae, Napeantheae rather than Titanotricheae was found to be sister to the remaining tribes. The position of Titanotricheae varied according to the method used to build the cladogram, which the authors suggested was due to incomplete lineage sorting following rapid divergence. The phylogenetic position of Titanotrichum remains unsettled. [13]

Concatenation-basedCoalescent-based
Gesnerioideae

Napeantheae ( Napeanthus )

Titanotricheae ( Titanotrichum )

Beslerieae

Coronanthereae

Gesnerieae

Gesnerioideae

Napeantheae ( Napeanthus )

Beslerieae

Titanotricheae ( Titanotrichum )

Coronanthereae

Gesnerieae

The genus Sanango has not always been included in Gesneriaceae. However, molecular phylogenetic studies published up to and including 2021 suggest that it does belong in the family as the most basal member, and it is placed in its own subfamily. The studies also show the genus Peltanthera to be outside the family, [12] [13] although some sources still place it within the Gesneriaceae. [14] The genus Rehmannia has also sometimes been included in the family but is now referred to the family Orobanchaceae. [15]

No single morphological feature absolutely divides two main subfamilies (i.e. forms a uniform synapomorphy). Gesnerioideae seedlings have normal cotyledons of the same size and shape (isocotylous). The cotyledons of Didymocarpoideae are usually, but not always, eventually different in size and shape (anisocotylous). One cotyledon ceases to grow and withers away, while the other continues to grow, and may even form a very large leaf that is the only one the plant has ( Monophyllaea , some Streptocarpus ). Gesnerioideae flowers usually have four fertile stamens, rarely two or five. Didymocarpoideae flowers usually have two fertile stamens, less often four, rarely one or five. [12]

Subfamilies and genera

Rhynchoglossum notonianum KlugiaWynaad.jpg
Rhynchoglossum notonianum

On the basis of molecular phylogenetic, morphological and biogeographical differences, the family has been divided into two major subfamilies: subfamily Didymocarpoideae (formerly Cyrtandroideae) with all but one species from the Old World, and subfamily Gesnerioideae native from the Americas west through the Pacific to Australia and southeastern China. The genus Sanango is placed in its own subfamily, Sanangoideae. The two main subfamilies are further divided into tribes and subtribes. [12]

Genera accepted by Plants of the World Online (PoWO) as of April 2021 are listed below, [16] together with their placement in a subfamily and tribe by Weber et al. (2020). [12] Three genera are listed by PoWO but not by Weber et al.: Coptocheile Hoffmanns. (doubtfully placed in Gesneriaceae), ParakohleriaWiehler (now included in Pearcea ) and Peltanthera Benth. (excluded from Gesneriaceae by molecular phylogenetic studies).

Gesneriaceae genera
GenusSubfamily: Tribe
Achimenes P.BrowneGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Aeschynanthus JackDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Agalmyla BlumeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Allocheilos W.T.WangDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Alloplectus Mart.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Allostigma W.T.WangDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Alsobia Hanst.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Amalophyllon BrandegeeGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Anetanthus Hiern ex Benth. & Hook.f.Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Anna Pellegr.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Asteranthera Hanst.Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
Beccarinda KuntzeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Bellonia L.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Besleria Plum. ex L.Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Billolivia D.J.MiddletonDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Boea Comm. ex Lam.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Boeica C.B.ClarkeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Briggsiopsis K.Y.PanDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Cathayanthe ChunDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Centrosolenia Benth.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Championia GardnerDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Chautemsia A.O.Araujo & V.C.SouzaGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Chayamaritia D.J.Middleton & Mich.MöllerDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Christopheria J.F.Sm. & J.L.ClarkGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Chrysothemis Decne.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Cobananthus Wiehler)Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Codonanthe (Mart.) Hanst.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Codonanthopsis Mansf.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Codonoboea Ridl.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Columnea Plum. ex L.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Conandron Siebold & Zucc.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Corallodiscus BatalinDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Coronanthera Vieill. ex C.B.ClarkeGesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
Corytoplectus Oerst.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Crantzia Scop.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Cremersia Feuillet & L.E.SkogGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Cremosperma Benth.Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Cremospermopsis L.E.Skog & L.P.KvistGesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Cyrtandra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Damrongia Kerr ex CraibDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Deinostigma W.T.Wang & Z.Y.LiDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Depanthus S.MooreGesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
Diastema Benth.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Didissandra C.B.ClarkeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Didymocarpus Wall.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Didymostigma W.T.WangDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Dorcoceras BungeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Drymonia Mart.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Emarhendia Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.BurttDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Episcia Mart.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Epithema BlumeDidymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
Eucodonia Hanst.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Fieldia A.Cunn.
(incl. LenbrassiaG.W.Gillett)		Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
Gasteranthus Benth.Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Gesneria Plum. ex L.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Glabrella Mich.Möller & W.H.ChenDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Glossoloma Hanst.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Gloxinella (H.E.Moore) Roalson & BogganGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Gloxinia L'Hér.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Gloxiniopsis Roalson & BogganGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Goyazia Taub.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Gyrocheilos W.T.WangDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Gyrogyne W.T.WangDidymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
Haberlea Friv.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Hemiboea C.B.ClarkeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Henckelia Spreng.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Heppiella RegelGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Hexatheca C.B.ClarkeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Jerdonia WightDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Kaisupeea B.L.BurttDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Kohleria RegelGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Lampadaria Feuillet & L.E.SkogGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Lembocarpus Leeuwenb.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Leptoboea Benth.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Lesia J.L.Clark & J.F.Sm.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Liebigia Endl.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Litostigma Y.G.Wei, F.Wen & Mich.MöllerDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Loxocarpus R.Br.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Loxonia JackDidymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
Loxostigma C.B.ClarkeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Lysionotus D.DonDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Mandirola Decne.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Metapetrocosmea W.T.WangDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Microchirita (C.B.Clarke) Yin Z.WangDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Middletonia C.PuglisiDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Mitraria Cav.Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
Monophyllaea R.Br.Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
Monopyle Moritz ex Benth. & Hook.f.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Moussonia RegelGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Napeanthus GardnerGesnerioideae: Napeantheae
Nautilocalyx Linden ex Hanst.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Negria F.Muell.Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
Nematanthus Schrad.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Neomortonia WiehlerGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Niphaea Lindl.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Nomopyle Roalson & BogganGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Oerstedina WiehlerGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Orchadocarpa Ridl.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Oreocharis Benth.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Ornithoboea C.S.P.Parish ex C.B.ClarkeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Pachycaulos J.L.Clark & J.F.Sm.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Pagothyra (Leeuwenb.) J.F.Sm. & J.L.ClarkGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Paliavana Vell. ex Vand.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Paraboea (C.B.Clarke) Ridl.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Paradrymonia Hanst.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Pearcea RegelGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Petrocodon HanceDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Petrocosmea Oliv.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Pheidonocarpa L.E.SkogGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Phinaea Benth.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Platystemma Wall.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Primulina HanceDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Pseudochirita W.T.WangDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Rachunia D.J.Middleton & C.PuglisiDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Ramonda Rich.
(incl. JankaeaBoiss.)		Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Raphiocarpus ChunDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Reldia WiehlerGesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Resia H.E.MooreGesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Rhabdothamnopsis Hemsl.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Rhabdothamnus A.Cunn.Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
Rhoogeton Leeuwenb.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Rhynchoglossum BlumeDidymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
Rhynchotechum BlumeDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Rhytidophyllum Mart.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Ridleyandra A.Weber & B.L.BurttDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Rufodorsia WiehlerGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Sanango G.S.Bunting & J.A.DukeSanangoideae
Sarmienta Ruiz & Pav.Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
Seemannia RegelGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Senyumia Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.BurttDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Sepikea Schltr.Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Shuaria D.A.Neill & J.L.ClarkGesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Sinningia NeesGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Smithiantha KuntzeGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Solenophora Benth.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Somrania D.J.MiddletonDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Spelaeanthus Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.BurttDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Sphaerorrhiza Roalson & BogganGesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Stauranthera Benth.Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
Streptocarpus Lindl.
(incl. SaintpauliaH.Wendl.)		Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B.Clarke
(syn. TetraphylloidesDoweld)		Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Titanotrichum Soler.Gesnerioideae: Titanotricheae
Tribounia D.J.MiddletonDidymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
Trichodrymonia Oerst.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Tylopsacas Leeuwenb.Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
Vanhouttea Lem.Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
Whytockia W.W.Sm.Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae

Ecology

About half of the New World species (i.e. the subfamily Gesnerioideae) are co-adapted to bird pollination, particularly by hummingbirds in the Americas. Bird-pollinated species typically have two-lipped flowers in shades of red; examples are found in the genera Asteranthera , Columnea and Sinningia . Among Old World genera, Aeschynanthus has similar flowers. [17]

Cultivation

Some genera in the family are grown as ornamental plants, both as garden plants and as houseplants. Such genera include: Aeschynanthus , Achimenes , Columnea , Gesneria , Haberlea , Nematanthus (syn. Hypocyrta), Ramonda , and Streptocarpus (Cape primroses, African violets). [17] One of the most familiar members of the family to gardeners are the African violets in Streptocarpus section Saintpaulia. Gesneriads are divided culturally into three groups on the basis of whether, and how, their stems are modified into storage organs: rhizomatous, tuberous, and "fibrous-rooted", meaning those that lack such storage structures (although all gesneriads have fibrous roots).[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lamiales</span> Order of dicot flowering plants

The order Lamiales are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, Bignoniaceae, Byblidaceae, Calceolariaceae, Carlemanniaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Linderniaceae, Martyniaceae, Mazaceae, Oleaceae, Orobanchaceae, Paulowniaceae, Pedaliaceae, Peltantheraceae, Phrymaceae, Plantaginaceae, Plocospermataceae, Schlegeliaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Stilbaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Thomandersiaceae, Verbenaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scrophulariaceae</span> Figwort family of flowering plants

The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plantaginaceae</span> Family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales

Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phrymaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America. Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains.

<i>Kohleria</i> Genus of flowering plants

Kohleria is a New World genus of the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. The plants are generally tropical herbs or subshrubs with velvety stems and foliage and brightly colored flowers with spots or markings in contrasting colors. They are rhizomatous and commonly include a period of dormancy in their growth cycle. The genus was revised in 1992 and was then recognized as having 19 species distributed in Central America and South America. phylogenetic in 2005 indicated that the epiphytic genus Capanea is derived from within Kohleria, and the two species of Capanea were subsequently transferred to Kohleria. The genus Pearcea is closely related.

<i>Seemannia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Seemannia is a New World genus in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. There are four species in the genus, primarily found in the Andean regions of South America. The name honors the German botanist Berthold Carl Seemann.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calceolariaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Calceolariaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that has been recently segregated from Scrophulariaceae. The family includes three genera, Calceolaria, Porodittia, and Jovellana, but analysis suggests that the monotypic Porodittia should be placed within Calceolaria. Recent molecular phylogenies that included Calceolaria have shown not only that this genus does not belong in Scrophulariaceae but also that it is the sister clade to the majority of the other families of the Lamiales. Morphological and chemical characters also support the separation of Calceolariaceae from Scrophulariaceae and other Lamiales. Some recent studies have supported a sister-group relationship between Calceolariaceae and Gesneriaceae. Given this close relationship, some authors opt to merge this family into Gesneriaceae as subfamily Calceolarioideae

<i>Nematanthus</i> Genus of epiphytes

Nematanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. All of its species are endemic to Brazil. Compared to other gesneriads, Nematanthus has leaves that are small, succulent, and hard-surfaced. The plant has a trailing, branching, and spreading habit; it is generally an epiphyte in nature and a hanging-basket plant in cultivation. The flower has fused petals. In some species, the flower has a "pouch" at the bottom. The fancied resemblance of such flowers to a goldfish gives these plants the common name goldfish plant or guppy plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">B. L. Burtt</span> English botanist and taxonomist

Brian Laurence "Bill" Burtt FRSE FLS, was an English botanist and taxonomist who is noted for his contributions to the family Gesneriaceae. In a career that spanned 74 years, he worked first at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and then at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE). He made numerous field trips to South Africa and Sarawak and described a total of 637 new plant species. Burtt is denoted by the author abbreviation B.L.Burtt when citing a botanical name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Columnidin</span> Chemical compound

Columnidin is an orange red pigment, belonging to the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins found in red-flowered western-hemisphere gesneriad species such as episcias, columneas, sarmientas, and sinningias.

<i>Codonanthe</i> Genus of epiphytes grown as houseplants

Codonanthe is a genus of mainly epiphytic plants in the family Gesneriaceae, endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The botanical name comes from the Ancient Greek for 'bellflower'. They have white or pale pink flowers and somewhat fleshy leaves. In 2013, the genus was reduced in size when more than half of the species were transferred to Codonanthopsis. They can be grown as houseplants, particularly in hanging baskets. Artificial crosses with Nematanthus hybrids have produced the hybrid genus × Codonatanthus.

<i>Columnea consanguinea</i> Species of flowering plant

Columnea consanguinea is a species of flowering plants in the genus Columnea. They are endemic to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama. They are distinctive for possessing red translucent heart-shaped markings on their leaves that serve to attract their main pollinators - the hummingbird Heliodoxa jacula - to their more inconspicuous flowers.

<i>Peltanthera</i> Genus of flowering plants

Peltanthera is a genus of flowering plants containing a single species, Peltanthera floribunda. The genus was originally placed in family Loganiaceae and has since been variously placed in Buddlejaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Gesneriaceae, or in its own family Peltantheraceae. As of 2016, it is considered by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to be unplaced in any family, but within the order Lamiales, while Christenhusz et al (2017) placed it in family Gesneriaceae as subfamily Peltantheroideae.

Sanango is a genus of flowering plants containing a single species, Sanango racemosum. The genus was originally placed in family Loganiaceae but has since been variously placed in Scrophulariaceae, Gesneriaceae and Buddlejaceae. As of 2016 it is considered to be the sister genus to the family Gesneriaceae as previously defined, and the family was tentatively enlarged to include the genus, pending a revision of the families included in Lamiales. It has been placed as the only genus in the monotypic subfamily Sanangoideae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Didymocarpoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

The Didymocarpoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It was formerly the subfamily Cyrtandroideae. This subfamily consists mostly of tropical and subtropical Old World genera, found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. One species is native to Central and South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gesnerioideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

The Gesnerioideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Gesneriaceae: based on the type genus Gesneria. Although genera typically originate in the New World, some species have become widely distributed as ornamental plants.

<i>Codonanthopsis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Codonanthopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. Its native range is from southern Mexico through tropical America to Bolivia and most of Brazil. Codonanthopsis species are generally trailing epiphytes with pale flowers. Most have a mutualistic relationship with tree-living ants: the plants provide the ants with food, including nectar, and give their nests structure and support, while the ants disperse the plants' seeds. The genus was considerably expanded in 2013 when species were transferred from Codonanthe. Some Codonanthopsis species are cultivated as houseplants, when they may be grown in hanging baskets.

Coptocheile is a monotypic genus of flowering plants possibly belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. Its only species is Coptocheile macrorhiza. It is native to Brazil.

Rufodorsia is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The genus name refers to the reddish back of the upper lobes of the flower. The relationship of Rufodorsia with the genus Oerstedina is uncertain, as of April 2021. It is native to montane cloud forest in Central America.

Resia is a genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae. They are also in the Beslerieae tribe.

References

  1. 1 2 "Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss.". The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  2. 1 2 Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J.; Barrie, F.R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W.-H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T.W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A.M.; Prado, J.; Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F., eds. (2018) [continuously updated]. "Gesneriaceae". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017: Appendices I–VII. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  3. ↑ "Gesneriaceae - plant family". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  4. 1 2 "Gesneriads". Encyclopedia of Life.
  5. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 .
  6. ↑ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R. J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-866189-4. p. 209.
  7. ↑ Dumortier, B.-C. (1829). Analyse des Familles de Plantes: avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent (in French). Tournay: J. Casterman. p. 30. OCLC   1116096010 . Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  8. ↑ "Columellia Ruiz & Pav.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  9. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 181 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1111/boj.12385 .
  10. ↑ "The Gesneriad Society" . Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  11. ↑ Weber, A.; Clark, J. L. & Möller, M. (2013). "A new formal classification of Gesneriaceae". Selbyana. 31 (2): 68–94. JSTOR   24894283.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Weber, A.; Middleton, D. J.; Clark, J. L. & Möller, M. (2020). "Keys to the infrafamilial taxa and genera of Gesneriaceae". Rheedea. 30 (1): 5–47. doi: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02 .
  13. 1 2 Ogutcen, Ezgi; Christe, Camille; Nishii, Kanae; Salamin, Nicolas; Möller, Michael & Perret, Mathieu (2021). "Phylogenomics of Gesneriaceae using targeted capture of nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 157: 107068. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107068 . PMID   33422648.
  14. ↑ "Peltanthera Benth.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  15. ↑ "Rehmannia Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  16. ↑ "Gesneriaceae Dumort.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  17. 1 2 Morley, B. (1978). "Gesneriaceae". In Heywood, V.H.; Moore, D.M.; Richardson, I.B.K. & Stearn, W.T. (eds.). Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press. pp. 246–248. ISBN   978-0-19-217674-5.
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