Polygalaceae

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Polygalaceae
Securidaca longipedunculata MS 1933.JPG
Securidaca longepedunculata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Polygalaceae
Hoffmanns. & Link [1]
Type genus
Polygala
L.
Tribes

See text.

Polygaleae distribution.svg
Distribution of the Polygalaceae
Synonyms
  • Diclidantheraceae J. Agardh
  • Moutabeaceae Pfeiffer
  • Xanthophyllaceae Reveal & Hoogland

The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 27 genera and ca. 900 known species [2] of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala , the milkworts.

Contents

The family was first described in 1809 by Johann Hoffmansegg and Johann Link. [3] In 1896, Robert Chodat split it into three tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe Polygaleae in 1992. [4] Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the family belongs in Fabales.

Description

Polygalaceae are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees or lianas. [5] Its zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, bisexual flowers have three to five petals and five sepals. [6] [7] Its leaves are usually alternate, but may be opposite, fascicled, or verticillate. [6] Each flower usually contains eight stamens, though this may range from three to ten. They are usually in two series. [7] The fruits of each plant can be a capsule, samara, or drupe. [6]

Tribes and genera

The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera, [6] with tribes based on various sources. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Fossils

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships: [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

References

  1. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x . hdl: 10654/18083 . Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 .
  3. ↑ Harvard University; Royal Botanic Gardens Kew; Australian National Herbarium. "Polygalaceae". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  4. ↑ Eriksen, Bente (1993). "Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 186 (1/2): 33–55. Bibcode:1993PSyEv.186...33E. doi:10.1007/BF00937712. ISSN   0378-2697. JSTOR   23674643. S2CID   32590790.
  5. ↑ Messina, Andre (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link". Flora of Australia . Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  7. 1 2 "Polygalaceae". Flora of Victoria. Government of Victoria, Australia. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  8. ↑ Abbott JR. (2011). "Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5 (1): 125–137. JSTOR   41972495.
  9. ↑ Pastore JFB. (2012). "Caamembeca: Generic status and new name for Polygala subgenus Ligustrina (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull . 67 (3): 435–442. Bibcode:2012KewBu..67..435P. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x. S2CID   19252598.
  10. ↑ Pastore JF, Rodrigues de Moraes PL (2013). "Generic status and lectotypifications for Gymnospora (Polygalaceae)". Novon . 22 (3): 304–306. Bibcode:2013Novon..22..304P. doi:10.3417/2010113. S2CID   85269764.
  11. ↑ Abbott JR, Pastore JF (2015). "Preliminary synopsis of the genus Hebecarpa (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull . 70 (3): 39. Bibcode:2015KewBu..70...39A. doi:10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2. S2CID   22601207.
  12. ↑ Freire-Fierro A. (2015). Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae) (Ph.D.). Drexel University. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  13. 1 2 Pastore JF, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C (2017). "A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in Caamembeca (Polygalaceae)". Syst Bot . 42 (1): 54–62. Bibcode:2017SysBo..42...54P. doi:10.1600/036364417X694935. S2CID   90353852.
  14. ↑ Persson C. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL–F region". Taxon . 50 (3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5)): 763–779. Bibcode:2001Taxon..50..763P. doi:10.2307/1223706. JSTOR   1223706.
  15. ↑ Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA (2007). "The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae)". Evolution . 61 (7): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x. PMID   17598748. S2CID   37523521.
  16. ↑ Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA (2009). "Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data". Syst Bot . 34 (1): 102–114. Bibcode:2009SysBo..34..102B. doi:10.1600/036364409787602348. S2CID   85655712.
  17. ↑ Abbott JR. (2009). Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of Badiera (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Florida.
  18. ↑ Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VS (2015). "Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of Epirixanthes". Am J Bot . 102 (4): 598–608. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1400549 . PMID   25878092.
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