Caryophyllaceae

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Carnation family
Red campion close 700.jpg
Silene dioica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Juss. [1]
Genera

Many, see text

Synonyms

Telephieae D.C. [2]

Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactaceae, and Polygonaceae. [1] It is a large family, with 81 genera and about 2,625 known species. [3]

Contents

This cosmopolitan family of mostly herbaceous plants is best represented in temperate climates, with a few species growing on tropical mountains. Some of the more commonly known members include pinks and carnations ( Dianthus ), and firepink and campions ( Silene ). Many species are grown as ornamental plants, and some species are widespread weeds. Most species grow in the Mediterranean and bordering regions of Europe and Asia. The number of genera and species in the Southern Hemisphere is rather small, although the family does contain Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis), the world's southernmost dicot, which is one of only two flowering plants found in Antarctica. [4]

The name comes from Caryophyllus, an obsolete synonym of Dianthus . [5]

Description

Despite its size and the somewhat doubtful mutual relationships, this family is rather uniform and easily recognizable.

Most are herbaceous annuals or perennials, dying off above ground each year. A few species are shrubs or small trees, such as some Acanthophyllum species. [6] Most plants are non-succulent; i.e. having no fleshy stems or leaves. The nodes on the stem are swollen. The leaves are almost always opposite, [7] rarely whorled. The blades are entire, petiolate, and often stipulate. These stipules are not sheath-forming.

The bisexual flowers are terminal, blooming singly or branched or forked in cymes. The inflorescence is usually dichasial at least in the lower parts, which means that in the axil of each peduncle (primary flower stalk) of the terminal flower in the cyme, two new single-flower branches sprout up on each side of and below the first flower. [6] If the terminal flowers are absent, then this can lead to monochasia, i.e. a monoparous cyme with a single flower on each axis of the inflorescence. In the extreme, this leads to a single flower, such as in Githago or Arenaria . [6] The flowers are regular and mostly with five petals and five sepals, but sometimes with four petals. [7] The sepals may be free from one another or united. The petals may be entire, fringed or deeply cleft. The calyx may be cylindrically inflated, as in Silene. The stamens number five or 10 (or more rarely four or eight), [7] and are mostly isomerous with the perianth. The superior gynoecium has two to five carpels (members of a compound pistil) and is syncarpous; i.e. with these carpels united in a compound ovary. This ovary has one chamber inside the ovary. The fruit may be a utricle with a single seed or a capsule containing several seeds. [7]

Systematics

The "maiden pink", Dianthus deltoides, belongs to the core group of Silenoideae. Dianthus deltoides.jpeg
The "maiden pink", Dianthus deltoides , belongs to the core group of Silenoideae.
Minuartia gerardii belongs to a clade traditionally included in the Alsinoideae. Minuartia gerardii.jpg
Minuartia gerardii belongs to a clade traditionally included in the Alsinoideae.
Paronychia argentea from the primitive Paronychioideae assemblage Paronychia argentea.jpg
Paronychia argentea from the primitive Paronychioideae assemblage
Stellaria ruscifolia is traditionally placed in the Alsinoideae, but may not be a close relative of Minuartia. Stellaria ruscifolia 01.jpg
Stellaria ruscifolia is traditionally placed in the Alsinoideae, but may not be a close relative of Minuartia .
Agrostemma gracile.jpg

Currently, Amaranthaceae and Caryophyllaceae are sister groups and considered closely related.

Formerly, Caryophyllaceae were considered the sister family to all of the remaining members of the suborder Caryophyllineae because they have anthocyanins, and not betalain pigments. However, cladistic analyses indicate Caryophyllaceae evolved from ancestors that contained betalain, reinforcing betalain as an accurate synapomorphy of the suborder. [8]

This family is traditionally divided in three subfamilies:

The last, however, are a basal grade of rather primitive members of this family, not closely related, but simply retaining many plesiomorphic traits. Instead of a subfamily, most ought to be treated as genera incertae sedis , but Corrigiola and Telephium might warrant recognition as Corrigioleae. The Alsinoideae, on the other hand, seem to form two distinct clades, perhaps less some misplaced genera. Finally, the Silenoideae appear monophyletic at least for the most part, if some of the taxa misplaced in Alsinoideae are moved there; it may be that the name Caryophylloideae would apply for the revised delimitation. [9]

However, hybridization between many members of this family is rampant—particularly in the Silenoideae/Caryophylloideae—and some of the lineages of descent have been found to be highly complicated and do not readily yield to cladistic analysis. [10]

Genera

102 genera are accepted. [11]

Unplaced

Related Research Articles

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<i>Cerastium</i> Genus of flowering plants in the pink family Caryophyllaceae

Cerastium is a genus of annual, winter annual, or perennial flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. They are commonly called mouse-ears or mouse-ear chickweeds. There are 214 accepted species, found nearly worldwide but with the greatest concentration in the northern temperate regions. A number of the species are common weeds in fields and on disturbed ground.

<i>Minuartia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the carnation family Caryophyllaceae

Minuartia is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as sandworts in the family Caryophyllaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molluginaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Molluginaceae are a family of flowering plants recognized by several taxonomists. It was previously included in the larger family Aizoaceae. The APG III system of 2009 made no change in the status of the family as compared to the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998, apart from a reassignment of several genera, such as the placement of Corrigiola and Telephium into Caryophyllaceae, Corbichonia in Lophiocarpaceae, Microtea into Microteaceae and Limeum in Limeaceae, because the family was found to be widely polyphyletic in Caryophyllales. In addition Macarthuria was found not to be related to Limeum as previously thought and thus it was placed in Macarthuriaceae, and similarly species formerly placed in Hypertelis, apart from type species Hypertelis spergulacea, a true Molluginaceae, were found to belong elsewhere and were described as Kewa in the family Kewaceae, named for the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Molluginaceae is still assigned to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots, although the generic circumscription is difficult because Mollugo is not monophyletic.

<i>Sagina</i> Genus of flowering plants

Sagina is a genus of 20–30 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. These are flowering herbs native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere extending south to tropical mountain areas at high altitudes, reaching just south of the equator in Africa. They are small annual or perennial herbaceous plants, growing to 5–15 cm. The leaves are opposite, often in tight whorl-like clusters, simple linear, typically 5–20 mm long. The flowers are solitary or in small cymes, with four or five green sepals and an equal number of white petals; the petal size relative to the sepal size is useful in species identification. The fruit is a small capsule containing several seeds.

Sabulina californica, commonly known as California sandwort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae.

Sabulina decumbens is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names The Lassics sandwort and Lassicus stitchwort.

<i>Sabulina douglasii</i> Species of flowering plant

Sabulina douglasii is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common name Douglas' stitchwort.

<i>Sabulina nuttallii</i> Species of flowering plant

Sabulina nuttallii is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names Nuttall's sandwort and brittle sandwort.

Sabulina pusilla is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names annual sandwort and dwarf stitchwort.

<i>Sabulina rubella</i> Species of flowering plant

Sabulina rubella is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by several common names, including beautiful sandwort, mountain sandwort, Arctic sandwort, and boreal stitchwort. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout the northernmost Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle on the Arctic tundra into the alpine climates of mountainous areas in temperate Eurasia and North America. It grows in rocky, moist, often barren habitat, including gravelly, sparsely vegetated slopes with little organic matter. It is a calciphile, growing in calcareous substrates such as soils rich in decomposed limestone.

<i>Sabulina stolonifera</i> Species of flowering plant

Sabulina stolonifera is a rare species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common names Scott Mountain sandwort and stolon sandwort.

<i>Facchinia</i> Genus of Caryophyllaceae plants

Facchinia is a genus of flowering plants in the pink and carnation family Caryophyllaceae, native to the Pyrenees and the Alps. Many species in this genus were previously placed in Minuartia.

<i>Eremogone</i> Genus of Caryophyllaceae plants

Eremogone is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to western North America, northern Asia, eastern Europe and northeastern Africa. Attempts to resolve taxonomic relationships within the Caryophyllaceae have resulted in the enlargement of Eremogone with species from other genera.

<i>Eudianthe</i> Genus of Caryophyllaceae plants

Eudianthe is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, found in the Canary Islands and the western Mediterranean. It can be distinguished from other members of the tribe Sileneae by its linear to narrowly lanceolate leaves and its pink flowers.

<i>Mononeuria</i> Genus of plants

Mononeuria is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae.

<i>Sabulina verna</i> Species of plant

Sabulina verna is a scarce species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, known by the common names spring sandwort, leadwort, golden moss, or Irish moss. It is a small mat-forming, perennial herb. It was first described as Arenaria verna by Carl Linnaeus in 1767 and is known by several synonyms including Minuartia verna.

<i>Sabulina</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Sabulina is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. It includes 74 species native to temperate and subtropical North America, Eurasia, and North Africa.

References

  1. 1 2 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 161 (2): 105–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x . hdl: 10654/18083 .
  2. ↑ Reveal 2012.
  3. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 .
  4. ↑ E. D. Rudolph (1965). "Antarctic lichens and vascular plants: their significance". BioScience. 15 (4): 285–287. doi:10.2307/1293425. JSTOR   1293425.
  5. ↑ Caryophyllus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network.
  6. 1 2 3 A. V. S. S. Sambamurty (2005). "Caryophyllaceae (pink family)". Taxonomy of Angiosperms. I. K. International. pp. 270–279. ISBN   978-81-88237-16-6.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Robert H. Mohlenbrock (2001). "Caryophyllaceae – pink family". Flowering Plants: Pokeweeds, Four-o'clocks, Carpetweeds, Cacti, Purslanes, Goosefoots, Pigweeds, and Pinks. The illustrated flora of Illinois. SIU Press. pp. 146–255. ISBN   978-0-8093-2380-7.
  8. ↑ Walter S. Judd; Christopher S. Campbell; Elizabeth A. Kellogg; Peter F. Stevens; Michael J. Donoghue (2008). Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach (3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN   978-0-87893-407-2.
  9. ↑ P. F. Stevens (9 June 2008). "Caryophyllaceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  10. ↑ Per Erixon; Bengt Oxelman (2008). "Reticulate or tree-like chloroplast DNA evolution in Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae)?". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 48 (1): 313–325. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.015. PMID   18490181.
  11. ↑ Caryophyllaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  12. ↑ "Dadjoua Parsa | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
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