Cardiopteridaceae

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Cardiopteridaceae
Citronella moorei juvenile2.JPG
Citronella moorei
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Aquifoliales
Family: Cardiopteridaceae
Blume [1]
Genera

Cardiopteridaceae is a eudicot family of flowering plants. It consists of about 43 species of trees, shrubs, and woody vines, mostly of the tropics, but with a few in temperate regions. [2] It contains six genera, the largest of which is Citronella , with 21 species. The other genera are much smaller. [3]

Contents

Citronella mucronata is grown as an ornamental for its attractively shiny leaves and fragrant flowers. [4] A tea is made from the leaves of Citronella gongonha which is similar to yerba maté. [3]

The APG III classification (2009) places them in the order Aquifoliales. This order consists of Cardiopteridaceae, its sister family, Stemonuraceae, and the three monogeneric families Phyllonomaceae, Helwingiaceae, and Aquifoliaceae. [5]

The family name

The family Cardiopteridaceae was established by Carl Ludwig Blume in 1847 [6] when he described the species Cardiopteris moluccana. [7] Blume based his new family on Cardiopteris, a name that had previously been used by John Royle [8] and Nathaniel Wallich, [9] but not validly published. [10] In 1843, Justus Hasskarl had published the name Peripterygium quinqueloba for what is now Cardiopteris quinqueloba. [11] Blume indicated his awareness of Hasskarl's plant and included it as another species of Cardiopteris when he published Cardiopteris moluccana. [12]

A complex nomenclatural dispute ensued and lasted well into the twentieth century. [10] [13] Because the basionym, Cardiopteris, was in question, the corresponding family name Cardiopteridaceae was in question as well. The ICBN finally conserved the name Cardiopteris against Peripterygium.

Circumscription

Prior to the seminal study by Kårehed in 2001, Cardiopteridaceae had consisted of only Cardiopteris. For example, Hermann Sleumer considered it to be monogeneric in his treatment of the family for Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien in 1942. [14] John Hutchinson did likewise in 1973. [15]

In 2001, Icacinaceae was shown to be polyphyletic. [16] It has since been divided into five segregate families: Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Pennantiaceae, Metteniusaceae, and Icacinaceae sensu stricto. Icacinaceae sensu stricto will eventually be divided further. [17]

In the 2001 study of Icacinaceae, Kårehed transferred Citronella, Gonocaryum, and Leptaulus from Icacinaceae to Cardiopteridaceae. He also provisionally placed Metteniusa, Dendrobangia, and Pseudobotrys there as well, until further studies could give some firm indication of their true relationships. [16]

In 2007, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Metteniusa belongs to a group of asterids known as the lamiids. [18] The order Aquifoliales, which includes Cardiopteridaceae, belongs to another asterid group called campanulids. [19]

The inclusion of Pseudobotrys in Cardiopteridaceae remains doubtful. DNA sequences submitted to GenBank in 2009 indicate that Dendrobangia does not belong in Cardiopteridaceae and is more closely related to genera like Apodytes.

Cardiopteridaceae, sensu Kårehed, is rather diverse in spite of having only six genera. Because of the distinctive structure of Cardiopteris, some authors today, continue to put Cardiopteris in a family by itself. [20] The other five genera are then placed in Leptaulaceae, a family created by Philippe van Tieghem in 1897. [21] The monophyly of Leptaulaceae has never been tested by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquifoliales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including the Aquifoliaceae (holly) family, and also the Helwingiaceae and the Phyllonomaceae. In 2001, the families Stemonuraceae and Cardiopteridaceae were added to this order. This circumscription of Aquifoliales was recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group when they published the APG II system in 2003. In the Cronquist system, there is no Aquifoliales order: the Aquifoliaceae are placed within the order Celastrales and the others are in other families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flacourtiaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it became a dumping ground for odd and anomalous genera, gradually making the family even more heterogeneous. In 1975, Hermann Sleumer noted that "Flacourtiaceae as a family is a fiction; only the tribes are homogeneous."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodiaeoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Brodiaeoideae are a monocot subfamily of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. They have been treated as a separate family, Themidaceae. They are native to Central America and western North America, from British Columbia to Guatemala. The name of the subfamily is based on the type genus Brodiaea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peridiscaceae</span> Family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales

Peridiscaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. Four genera comprise this family: Medusandra, Soyauxia, Peridiscus, and Whittonia., with a total of 12 known species. It has a disjunct distribution, with Peridiscus occurring in Venezuela and northern Brazil, Whittonia in Guyana, Medusandra in Cameroon, and Soyauxia in tropical West Africa. Whittonia is possibly extinct, being known from only one specimen collected below Kaieteur Falls in Guyana. In 2006, archeologists attempted to rediscover it, however, it proved unsuccessful.

The APG II system of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was a revision of the first APG system, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009 by a further revision, the APG III system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boraginales</span> Order of flowering plants within the lammiid clade of eudicots

Boraginales is an order of flowering plants in the asterid clade, with a total of about 125 genera and 2,700 species. Different taxonomic treatments either include only a single family, the Boraginaceae, or divide it into up to eleven families. Its herbs, shrubs, trees and lianas (vines) have a worldwide distribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Huerteales</span> Order of flowering plants

Huerteales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It is one of the 17 orders that make up the large eudicot group known as the rosids in the APG III system of plant classification. Within the rosids, it is one of the orders in Malvidae, a group formerly known as eurosids II and now known informally as the malvids. This is true whether Malvidae is circumscribed broadly to include eight orders as in APG III, or more narrowly to include only four orders. Huerteales consists of four small families, Petenaeaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Tapisciaceae, and Dipentodontaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Icacinaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, are a family of flowering plants, consisting of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics.

Metteniusa cundinamarcensis is a species of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Cardiopteridaceae. It is endemic to Colombia.

<i>Metteniusa</i> Genus of flowering plants

Metteniusa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was named by Hermann Karsten in 1860 for the German botanist Georg Heinrich Mettenius. It has seven species. The type species is Metteniusa edulis.. "Metteniusaceae" was proposed by Adalbert Schnizlein and validated by Hermann Karsten in 1860.. The family is now placed in its own order, Metteniusales.

Metteniusa santanderensis is a species of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Cardiopteridaceae. It is endemic to Colombia.

Pteleocarpa is a genus of flowering plants. The only member of the genus is the western Malesian tree Pteleocarpa lamponga. It has had a varied systematic history and has been placed in the families Icacinaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Boraginaceae, and others. It has long been regarded as enigmatic. For example, its winged fruit is quite odd within the family Boraginaceae, where it was usually placed in the 2000s. The family name Pteleocarpaceae had been used, but was not validly published until 2011, when the required description was published in Kew Bulletin. A morphological study of Pteleocarpa was published in 2014. Also in 2014, a molecular phylogenetic study of the lamiids sampled Pteleocarpa and resolved it as sister to Gelsemiaceae. Both genera of Gelsemiaceae were sampled and this result had maximum statistical support in three different methods of cladistic analysis. The authors of that study recommended that Pteleocarpa be included in Gelsemiaceae. This was formally done in 2014 by altering the description of the family to accommodate it. In the APG IV system published in 2016, Pteleocarpa is included in Gelsemiaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paracryphiaceae</span> Family of shrubs

The Paracryphiaceae are a family of woody shrubs and trees native to Australia, southeast Asia, and New Caledonia. In the APG III system of 2009, the family is placed in its own order, Paracryphiales, in the campanulid clade of the asterids. In the earlier APG II system, the family was unplaced as to order and included only Paracryphia.

When the APG II system of plant classification was published in April 2003, fifteen genera and three families were placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms, and were listed in a section of the appendix entitled "Taxa of uncertain position".

<i>Tetracarpaea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Tetracarpaea is the only genus in the flowering plant family Tetracarpaeaceae. Some taxonomists place it in the family Haloragaceae sensu lato, expanding that family from its traditional circumscription to include Penthorum and Tetracarpaea, and sometimes Aphanopetalum as well.

The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a further revision, the APG IV system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metteniusaceae</span> Family of trees

Metteniusaceae are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the order Metteniusales. It consists of about 10 genera and 50 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was formerly restricted to just Metteniusa, but it is now expanded with a number of genera that were formerly placed in the widely polyphyletic Icacinaceae.

<i>Emmotum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Emmotum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Icacinaceae. It has about 13 species. One of these species, E. harleyi, was described in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stemonuraceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Stemonuraceae is a eudicot family of flowering plants.

References

  1. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x , hdl: 10654/18083
  2. ↑ Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN   978-1-55407-206-4.
  3. 1 2 David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN   978-0-521-82071-4
  4. ↑ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN   978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
  5. ↑ Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Aquifoliales" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
  6. ↑ James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see External links below).
  7. ↑ Carl Ludwig Blume. 1847. Rumphia3:205.
  8. ↑ John Forbes Royle. 1839. "Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains":136. William H. Allen & Co.: London, England. (see External links below).
  9. ↑ Nathaniel Wallich. Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company / which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the botanic garden at Calcutta. number 8033. (publisher not named). London, 1828-1849. (see External links below).
  10. 1 2 Reinier C. Bakhuizen van den Brink and Cornelis G.G.J. van Steenis. 1962. "Cardiopteris or Peripterygium?" Taxon11(1):28-29.
  11. ↑ Justus Hasskarl. 1843. page 142. In: "Annotationes de plantis quibusdam Javanicis nonnullisque Japonicis, e Catalogo Horti Bogoriensis. Accedunt nonnullae novae species". Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie 10:115-150. (see External links below).
  12. ↑ Hermann Otto Sleumer. 1972. "Cardiopteridaceae" In: Flora Malesiana, series 17(1):93-96.
  13. ↑ Arthur A. Bullock. 1957. "Nomenclatural Notes.-II. Cardiopteridaceae". Kew Bulletin12(2):356. (see External links below).
  14. ↑ Hermann Sleumer. 1942. "Icacinaceae" pages 322-396. In: H.G. Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl, with Hermann Harms and Johannes Mattfeld (editors). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien volume 20b. Duncker and Humblot: Berlin, Germany. 1960 reprint of 1942 publication.
  15. ↑ John Hutchinson The Families of Flowering Plants 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press.
  16. 1 2 Jesper Kårehed. 2001. "Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae". American Journal of Botany88(12):2259-2274.
  17. ↑ Frederic Lens, Jesper Kårehed, Pieter Baas, Steven Jansen, David Rabaey, Suzy Huysmans, Thomas Hamann and Erik Smets. 2008. "The wood anatomy of the polyphyletic Icacinaceae s.l., and their relationships within asterids". Taxon57(2):525-552.
  18. ↑ Favio González, Julio Betancur, Olivier Maurin, John V. Freudenstein, and Mark W. Chase. 2007. "Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade". Taxon56(3):795-800.
  19. ↑ Richard C. Winkworth, Johannes Lundberg, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". Taxon57(1):53-65.
  20. ↑ Timothy M.A. Utteridge and Richard K. Brummitt. 2007. "Leptaulaceae" pages 191-192. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN   978-1-55407-206-4.
  21. ↑ Philippe E.L. van Tieghem. 1897. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 124:842.
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