Boronia megastigma

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Brown boronia
Boronia megastigma flowers.jpg
Boronia megastigma in the ANBG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Boronia
Species:
B. megastigma
Binomial name
Boronia megastigma
Boronia megastigma DistMap74.png
Occurrence data from Australasian Virtual Herbarium
Synonyms [1]
  • Boronia megastigma var. aureaAnon.
  • Boronia megastigma var. aureaW.Mill. & N.Taylor nom. illeg., nom. superfl.
  • Boronia megastigmaBartl. var. megastigma
  • Boronia tristisTurcz.

Boronia megastigma, commonly known as brown boronia, [2] sweet-scented boronia [3] or scented boronia, [4] is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a slender, erect shrub with aromatic leaves and flowers, the leaves with three or five leaflets and the flowers cup-shaped, dark brown to purplish black on the outside and yellow inside.

Contents

Description

Boronia megastigma is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 1–2 m (3–7 ft) and has slender branches covered with fine, soft hairs. The leaves are sessile with three or five thick, slender, linear leaflets 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) long and strongly aromatic. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a pedicel about 10 mm (0.4 in) long, the flowers cup-shaped, hanging, aromatic and sometimes in large numbers along a flowering branch. The four sepals are very broadly egg-shaped, glabrous and about 2 mm (0.08 in) long. The four petals are more or less round, 6–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long, reddish brown to dark brown or purplish black on the outside and yellow inside. Sometimes the petals are also yellow on the outside. There are eight stamens with those near the sepals having a more or less round, dark purple anther about 1 mm (0.04 in) long and sterile. The stamens near the petals have a similar anther but pale yellow and fertile. The stigma is unusually large, dark purple or black with four lobes. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Taxonomy and naming

Boronia megastigma was first formally described in 1848 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling and the description was published in Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae. [7] [8] The specific epithet (megastigma) is derived from the Ancient Greek words mega meaning "large" or "great" [9] :461 and stigma, [9] :513 referring to the large stigma of this boronia. [2]

Distribution and habitat

Brown boronia grows in winter-wet swamps and woodland, mainly in the karri forests and the southern edges of the jarrah forests between Harvey and Cape Riche. [3] [5]

Use in horticulture

This is one of several species of Boronia cultivated for its intense, attractive scent. It is the main Boronia source of essential oils, while its relative Boronia heterophylla is more often harvested for use as an aromatic cut ornamental. All of the organs of the flower contain oil glands and their activity is greatest while the stigma is receptive to pollen, which suggests that production of scent may serve to attract pollinators such as insects. [10]

There are several cultivated varieties which bear flowers of different colors. The two main aroma compounds of the oil of this species are β-ionone and dodecyl acetate. [11] The oil is used in perfumes and as a food additive that enhances fruit flavors.

Over-exploitation in natural habitat areas of Southwest Western Australia has caused re-examination of over cropping in the wildflower industry. [12] [13] [14]

Plantations and cultivation have occurred in numbers of places outside of the natural habitat. [15]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Boronia fastigiata</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Boronia heterophylla</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Boronia juncea</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Boronia tetrandra</i> Species of flowering plant

Boronia tetrandra, commonly known as yellow boronia, is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a spreading or erect shrub with hairy stems, pinnate leaves and greenish cream to yellow or reddish brown, cup-shaped, four-petalled flowers.

<i>Boronia crassifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Boronia crassipes</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Boronia stricta</i> Species of flowering plant

Boronia stricta is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae and is endemic to near-coastal areas of the south-west of Western Australia. It is a slender shrub with often crowded pinnate leaves with linear leaflets, and pink, four-petalled flowers borne singly or in groups of two or three in leaf axils.

Pultenaea pinifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, slender shrub with pine-like leaves and yellow-orange flowers with orange marks.

<i>Bossiaea pulchella</i> Species of legume

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Lasiopetalum indutum is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect or straggling shrub with hairy stems and pink, cream-coloured or white flowers.

References

  1. 1 2 "Boronia megastigma". APC. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 Senior, Anna. "Boronia megastigma". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 Duretto, Marco F.; Wilson, Paul G.; Ladiges, Pauline Y. "Boronia megastigma". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  4. 1 2 "Boronia megastigma". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  5. 1 2 Corrick, Margaret G.; Fuhrer, Bruce A. (2009). Wildflowers of southern Western Australia (3rd ed.). Dural, N.S.W.: Rosenberg Publishing. p. 192. ISBN   9781877058844.
  6. "Boronia megastigma". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  7. "Boronia megastigma". APNI. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  8. Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieg; Lehmann, Johann Georg Christian (ed.) (1848). Plantae Preissianae. Hamburg: Sumptibus Meissneri. p. 227. Retrieved 30 March 2019.{{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  9. 1 2 Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  10. Bussell, B. M.; Considine, J. A.; Spadek, Z. E. (1995). "Flower and volatile oil ontogeny in Boronia megastigma". Annals of Botany. 76 (5): 457–63. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1995.1120 .
  11. Plummer, J. A., et al. (1996). "Selection of Boronia for Essential Oils and Cut Flowers." p. 602-609. In: J. Janick (ed.), Progress in New Crops. Arlington: ASHS Press.
  12. Thomson, J. A (1969), Boronia survey 1969 plans folder, Forests Dept, retrieved 26 May 2016
  13. Christensen, P; Western Australia. Forests Department; Western Australia; Skinner, P; Christensen, P (1978), The ecology of Boronia megastigma (Nees.) in Western Australian forest areas, Forests Dept, retrieved 26 May 2016
  14. Western Australia. Dept. of Conservation and Land Management; Goble-Garratt, E; Keating, C (1988), Report on the distribution and commercial utilisation of Boronia megastigma with some comment on Boronia heterophylla : prepared for the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management, [The Authors], retrieved 26 May 2016
  15. Blaesing, Doris; Peterson, Lee; Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (Australia); Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (Australia). Essential Oils and Plant Extracts Program (2002), Methodology and viability of re-establishing commercial Boronia megastigma plantations : a report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, RIRDC, ISBN   978-0-642-58406-9