Eucalyptus diversicolor

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Karri
Karri trees in the Boranup Forest.jpg
Near Boranup
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species:
E. diversicolor
Binomial name
Eucalyptus diversicolor
The Gloucester Tree ClimbingTheGloucesterTree 2005 SeanMcClean.jpg
The Gloucester Tree

Eucalyptus diversicolor, commonly known as karri, [2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tall tree with smooth light grey to cream-coloured, often mottled bark, lance-shaped adult leaves and barrel-shaped fruit. Found in higher rainfall areas, karri is commercially important for its timber.

Contents

Description

Eucalyptus diversicolor is the tallest tree that grows in Western Australia. [3] It is a tall forest tree that typically grows to a height of 10–60 m (33–197 ft) [4] but can reach as high as 90 m (300 ft), [2] making it the tallest tree in Western Australia and one of the tallest in the world. [5] [6] [7] As of February 2019, the tallest known living karri is just over 80 m (260 ft) tall. A tree south of Pemberton, known as 'The Tyrant' is 69 m (226 ft) tall and 11.5 m (38 ft) in girth and contains approximately 220 m3 (7,800 cu ft) of wood in its trunk and is thought to be the largest karri by wood volume. [8] An Eucalyptus diversicolor of 72.9 m (239 ft) height and of 5.71 m (18.7 ft) girth in Coimbra, Portugal, is the tallest reliably measured tree in Europe. [9]

Karri are an evergreen tree and typically have a heavy, widespread crown. The tree's trunk tend to be long and straight with a diameter of 150 to 300 cm (59 to 118 in) making up about two thirds of the length of the tree. [10]

The trees root can reach depths of up to 50 m (160 ft). [11]

Karri do not form a lignotuber but do form epicormic buds located under the bark along the length of the stem. [12] [10] Trees are able to resprout from the buds after fire or other damage. [10]

The bark on the trunk and branches is smooth, grey to cream-coloured or pale orange, often mottled and is shed in larger plates, short ribbons or small polygonal flakes. [13] [14] The bark sheds each year with the new white bark contrasting with the orange to yellow new bark contrasts against the recently exposed white bark. The bark becomes increasingly granulated with age. [12] The bark is rich in tannins. [15]

The stems and branchlets are round in cross section, the branchlets have no oil glands in the pith. [12]

The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are arranged in opposite pairs, broadly egg-shaped to almost round, paler on the lower surface, 50–155 mm (2.0–6.1 in) long, 25–100 mm (0.98–3.94 in) wide and petiolate. The leaves tend to be more spreading than pendulous. [15] Adult leaves are arranged alternately, glossy dark green on the upper surface, paler below, lance-shaped, 70–135 mm (2.8–5.3 in) long and 15–37 mm (0.59–1.46 in) wide on a flattened or channelled petiole 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long. The leaves are penniveined, where the veins arise pinnately, in a feather like arrangement, from a single primary vein. The leaves are densely reticulated where the network of veins within the leaf is packed closely together. The prominent vein near the margin of the leaf is very close to the margin and runs almost parallel with it. The yellow oil glands within the leaves are situated in centre of the smallest unreticulated areas. [12] The fine lateral nerves spread at a wide angle from the midrib. [15]

The unbranched inflorescences are situated in the axils in small clusters on a common stalk. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on a rounded peduncle 12–30 mm (0.47–1.18 in) long, each bud on a pedicel 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long. The buds are oval, 11–16 mm (0.43–0.63 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide at maturity with a conical operculum. Flowering has been observed in January, April, May, August and December, and the flowers are white. [12] The flowers have narrow cylindrical calyx tubes that slowly taper to the base into the pedicel. The many stamen form a continuous ring and has inflected white coloured filaments. The anthers at the end of the filaments have an oblong shape and open into a parallel longitudinal slits. [15]

The fruit is a woody barrel-shaped capsule 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long and 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) wide on a pedicel 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long with three valves at or below rim level. [13] [14]

The seeds found within the fruits have a flattened ovoid shape, are grey in colour with a length of 1.2 to 3 mm (0.047 to 0.118 in). The seeds are pointed at one end with a smooth back and a scar from where it was once attached to the placenta on the underside. [12]

E. diversicolor is relatively fast growing, particularly compared to other Eucalypts, [3] and can grow 2 m (6 ft 7 in) each year for the first five years of its life. It reaches maturity after 10 to 15 years. [11]

The species has a haploid chromosome number of 12. [16]

Taxonomy

Eucalyptus diversicolor was first formally described in 1863 by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in his book Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae . [17] [18] The type specimen was collected in 1860 by the botanist Augustus Frederick Oldfield near Wilson Inlet, the location given, in Latin, is In Australiae regionibus depressioribus quam Maxime austro occidentalibus, ubi Blue Gum-tree vocatur. [13] [19]

The holotype is held at Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, syntypes are held at Cambridge University Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [12]

The botanical name diversicolor is taken from the Latin word diversus meaning to turn apart and color or "separate colours" and refers to the difference between the top of the leaf and its underside. [4] [12] The common name is derived from the Noongar name for the tree karri pronounces ka-ree. [20]

Karri is a part of the Symphyomyrtus subgenus, all of which have two opercula on the buds and have four rows of ovules. It is not closely related to any other members of the subgenus and is the sole species in the section Inclusae. The defining feature of this section is having inflexed stamens, flattened ovoid seed shape, enclosed valves of the fruit and the lack of pith glands in the branchlets. Although it has no closely related species it has some affinity with tall Eucalypts found the wet forests of eastern Australian including E. saligna and E. grandis all of which have discolorous adult leaves and seeds with a flattened-ovoid shape. [12]

Distribution and habitat

Distribution Eucalyptus diversicolor distribution.png
Distribution

The climate over the range of the tree is mildly temperate with small variations in humidity and temperature with frosts only occurring on rare occasions. [3] Karri occurs only within the High Rainfall Zone of the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia which receives 900 to 1,300 millimetres (35.4 to 51.2 in) of rain per year, mostly in winter. [21] It mostly occurs within the Warren biogeographic region, but there are some outlying populations including the Porongorup Ranges, Mount Manypeaks, Torbay, Rocky Gully all along the south coast and Karridale and Forest Grove to the north west [21] and the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge to the south of Margaret River to the west of the main belt. [22]

The heart of the karri forest is found near Nannup and Manjimup through to Denmark. [22]

The total area covered by karri forest is less than 200,000 hectares (494,211 acres) which is about one fifth of its virgin growth. [5] The nearest tall tree forests are some 3,000 kilometres (1,864 mi) to the east in Tasmania and Victoria. [5]

Karri has been introduced to parts of Africa including; Kenya, Tanzania and the Canary Islands. [23]

The species is considered invasive in South Africa where it is a problem in the Western Cape region and is locally known a karie. It commonly invades clearings, fynbos, water courses and road sides often out competing local species and is spread easily by seed dispersal. [24]

Ecology

Karri is regarded as one of the six forest giants found in Western Australia; the other trees include; Corymbia calophylla (Marri), Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Tuart), Eucalyptus jacksonii (Red Tingle), Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) and Eucalyptus patens (Yarri). [25] [26]

Some karri specimens are thought to reach an age of up to 300 years. [5] The soil in which the species grows is often poor, and the tree tends to flower after fire to take advantage of the nutrients released by the combustion of forest litter. The soil is classified as karri loam. Though low in some minor nutrients it is admired for its depth and pasture-growing properties. The depth of the soil is several metres and thought to be created primarily from the bark shed by the tree, which collects at the trunk base to a depth upwards of six metres in mature trees. The karri supports an extensive ecosystem which is connected to the granite outcrops of the lower south-west and the many subsequent creeks and rivers created from runoff. Karri generally dominate in the deep valleys between granite outcrops surrounding the creeks and rivers.

A dense understorey is found in karri forest areas which retains moisture over the hot summers. Associated trees and shrubs found in the understorey include the peppermint ( Agonis flexuosa ), karri sheoak ( Allocasuarina decussata ), karri wattle ( Acacia pentadenia ) and karri oak ( Chorilaena quercifolia ). A diverse assemblage of flowers and smaller plants – around 2,000 plant taxa – make up the mosaic of habitats within the karri forests. [22]

The tree has a complex floral cycle and it takes four to five years from the production of flowers to the seeds being released. The production of seed is dependent on a multitude of variables including tree density, availability of pollinators, soil moisture, genetics, nutrients and fire. [3]

Pollinators

Most Eucalypts achieve pollination through insects and birds rather than wind. Insects are far less active through the colder winter months so bird pollination is thought to be more important. The trees are often visited by nectar feeding birds, particularly Purple-crowned lorikeets. The lorikeets have a wide range and are quite active during winter and are thought to be dominant pollinators and able to cross pollinate over larger distances. [3] Karri is a source of pollen for honeybees ( Apis mellifera ). The pollen has a protein content of 23.4% and provides sufficient amino acids for the nutrition of A. mellifera. The content of some of the amino acids are; 3.84% proline, 2.07% glutamic acid, 1.72% lysine, 1.22% cystine, 1.91% aspartic acid, 1.50% leucine, 1.11% alanine and 1.11% valine. [27]

Uses

Deanmill karri logs on train Deanmill karri logs on train.jpg
Deanmill karri logs on train
'Log and fallers.' Poole, C. E. L., Primer of Forestry 1922 Karri log in Primer of Forestry Poole 1922.png
'Log and fallers.' Poole, C. E. L., Primer of Forestry 1922

The wood has a green density of around 1,200 kilograms per cubic metre (75 lb/cu ft) with an air-dried density of about 900 kilograms per cubic metre (56 lb/cu ft). [21] The heartwood of Karri is a red colour and closely resembles Jarrah heartwood. Bushmen used to tell the two timbers apart by burning a splint of wood, Karri would leave a white ash and Jarrah would leave a grey to black coloured ash. [15] Timber from Karri is suitable for construction work. It is a little more dense than Jarrah but is much stronger. Karri wood is not a termite resistant as that of Jarrah. [15] The tree has been logged since the settlement of Western Australia with logging towns appearing throughout the range of the tree and producing hardwood timbers, mostly for construction purposes, for the first 150 years since settlement. [22] The first Karri timber to be felled for export was at the isolated population around Leeuwin, which became known as Karridale. The virtues of the wood were promoted in the 1920s by the state conservator of forests, Charles Lane-Poole, who noted the colonists' preference for other timber as its vulnerability to white ants made it a poor choice for fence posts and railway sleepers. The timber found uses in the state for wagon spokes and wooden pipes, and in England it was found suitable for scantlings by the national railway and telegraph arms by the postal services and was listed among Lloyds shipbuilding timbers as possessing great strength over large lengths. [28]

Fire lookouts were established in the forests using the tallest Karri trees, giving the foresters a commanding view of the landscape. The idea of using karri trees in this way was first suggested in 1937 by a young forester, Don Stewart, who later became Conservator of Forests. The first of these was built on a large marri ( Corymbia calophylla ) at Alco, near Nannup. Eight lookouts were established in the forests between 1937 and 1952. Spotter planes are now used and some of the trees are now used as tourist attractions. [29] [30] [31]

Karri wood is a beautiful mahogany colour, lighter in colour than jarrah. It is used extensively in the building industry, particularly in roofs for the length and knot-free quality of the boards. The wood is also used for flooring, furniture, cabinetry and plywood. The heartwood is golden to reddish brown, often with an orange or purple cast, and tends to darken with age. It has an interlocked grain with a uniform medium-coarse texture. [32] It has the reputation of being termite-prone, although it is nowhere near as susceptible to these insects as pine. It is durable against rot. It is also an excellent furniture wood.

Some of the main streets of early Sydney were paved with blocks of Karri but have been long since covered by asphalt. The wood was also sent to London for the same purpose. [7]

Karri honey is widely sought after for its clarity, light color and delicate flavor. [15] In 1952 it was estimated that 25% of honey produced in Western Australia was produced in Karri forests. Tourism to this area is also supported by the Karri. Main honey flows occur every four to five years with even larger flows every fifteen years or so. [15]

The species is commercially available and sold in seed form. It germinates readily and prefers a protected sunny position, but is known to be both drought- and frost-sensitive. [33] Although too large for most suburban gardens they are suitable in plantations. Seeds will germinate in three to four weeks and have germination rates of 84%. [11]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Eucalyptus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the myrtle family

Eucalyptus is a genus of more than 700 species of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae. Most species of Eucalyptus are trees, often mallees, and a few are shrubs. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including Corymbia and Angophora, they are commonly known as eucalypts or "gum trees". Plants in the genus Eucalyptus have bark that is either smooth, fibrous, hard or stringy, the leaves have oil glands, and the sepals and petals are fused to form a "cap" or operculum over the stamens. The fruit is a woody capsule commonly referred to as a "gumnut".

<i>Eucalyptus marginata</i> Species of plant endemic to Western Australia

Eucalyptus marginata, commonly known as jarrah, djarraly in Noongar language and historically as Swan River mahogany, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tree with rough, fibrous bark, leaves with a distinct midvein, white flowers and relatively large, more or less spherical fruit. Its hard, dense timber is insect resistant although the tree is susceptible to dieback. The timber has been utilised for cabinet-making, flooring and railway sleepers.

<i>Corymbia ficifolia</i> Species of plant

Corymbia ficifolia, commonly known as red flowering gum, is a species of small tree that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shape adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, bright red, pink or orange flowers and urn-shaped fruit. It has a restricted distribution in the wild but is one of the most commonly planted ornamental eucalypts.

<i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> Species of plant

Eucalyptus camaldulensis, commonly known as the river red gum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae, and is endemic to Australia. It is a tree with smooth white or cream-coloured bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers and hemispherical fruit with the valves extending beyond the rim. A familiar and iconic tree, it is seen along many watercourses across inland Australia, providing shade in the extreme temperatures of central Australia.

<i>Eucalyptus cladocalyx</i> Species of plant

Eucalyptus cladocalyx, commonly known as sugar gum, is a species of eucalypt tree found in the Australian state of South Australia. It is found naturally in three distinct populations - in the Flinders Ranges, Eyre Peninsula and on Kangaroo Island.

<i>Corymbia calophylla</i> Tree found in Western Australia

Corymbia calophylla, commonly known as marri, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is a tree or mallee with rough bark on part or all of the trunk, lance-shaped adult leaves, branched clusters of cup-shaped or pear-shaped flower buds, each branch with three or seven buds, white to pink flowers, and relatively large oval to urn-shaped fruit, colloquially known as honky nuts. Marri wood has had many uses, both for Aboriginal people, and in the construction industry.

<i>Eucalyptus jacksonii</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus jacksonii, commonly known as the red tingle, is a species of tall tree endemic to the southwest of Western Australia and is one of the tallest trees found in the state. It has thick, rough, stringy reddish bark from the base of the trunk to the thinnest branches, egg-shaped to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and shortened spherical to barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus patens</i> Species of eucalyptus endemic to Western Australia

Eucalyptus patens, commonly known as yarri or blackbutt, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped leaves, creamy-white flowers and spherical to oval fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus gomphocephala</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus gomphocephala, known as tuart, is a species of tree and is one of the six forest giants of Southwest Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karri forest</span> Tall open forest type

Karri forest is a tall open forest type dominated by Eucalyptus diversicolor (karri), one of the tallest hardwoods in the world.

<i>Eucalyptus cornuta</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus cornuta, commonly known as yate, is a tree species, sometimes a mallee and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on all or most of its trunk, smooth bark above, mostly lance-shaped adult leaves, elongated flower buds in groups of eleven or more, yellowish flowers and cylindrical to cup-shaped fruit. It is widely cultivated and produces one of the hardest and strongest timbers in the world.

<i>Eucalyptus megacarpa</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus megacarpa, commonly known by its Noongar name of bullich, is a species of robust mallee or small to medium-sized tree with a scattered distribution in the forests of the south-west of Western Australia. It has smooth bark throughout, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and cup-shaped, bell-shaped or hemispherical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus todtiana</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus todtiana, commonly known as coastal blackbuttpricklybark or dwutta, is a species of tree or a mallee that is endemic to the west coast of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous and flaky bark on the trunk, smooth bark on the branches, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and cup-shaped to hemispherical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus salmonophloia</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus salmonophloia, commonly known as salmon gum, wurak or weerluk or woonert or marrlinja. is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth bark, narrow lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between nine and thirteen, creamy white flowers and hemispherical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus wandoo</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus wandoo, commonly known as wandoo, dooto, warrnt or wornt and sometimes as white gum, is a small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of nine to seventeen, white flowers and conical to cylindrical fruit. It is one of a number of similar Eucalyptus species known as wandoo.

<i>Eucalyptus ochrophloia</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus ochrophloia, commonly known as the yapunyah, is a species of eucalypt native to inland New South Wales and Queensland in eastern Australia.

<i>Eucalyptus guilfoylei</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus guilfoylei, commonly known as yellow tingle or dingul dingul, is a species of tall tree that is endemic to Western Australia. The trunk is straight with fibrous, greyish brown bark and it has lance-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus longicornis</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus longicornis, commonly known as red morrel, morryl, poot or pu, is a species of large tree that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous, fissured bark on the trunk, smooth greyish bark above, flower buds in groups of seven or more, white flowers and shortened spherical fruit.

Eucalyptus virginea is a species of tree that is endemic to the south coast of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, narrow lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus doratoxylon</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus doratoxylon, commonly known as the spearwood mallee, spearwood or geitch-gmunt in Noongar language is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth, powdery white bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves mostly arranged in opposite pairs, flower buds in groups of seven, white to pale yellow flowers and pendulous, more or less spherical fruit.

References

  1. ↑ "Eucalyptus diversicolor". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Eucalyptus diversicolor". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 R.Breidahl; P.J.Hewett (1995). "A review of silvicultural research in the karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forest" (PDF). CALMScience. Department of Conservation and Land Management.
  4. 1 2 "Eucalyptus diversicolor". Australian Native Plants Society. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Karen McGhee (2 July 2014). "Searching for Australia's tallest trees: Karris". Australian Geographic . Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  6. ↑ "What's in a Name? Eucalyptus diversicolor on the Bibbulmun Track, Pemberton to Northcliffe". Inspiration Outdoors. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  7. 1 2 "Eucalyptus diversicolor karri Myrtaceae (myrtle family)". Trees of Stanford. Stanford University . Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  8. ↑ Nicolle, Dean (2019). Eucalypts of Western Australia - The South West Coast and Ranges (1st ed.). WA: Scott Print. pp. 260–1. ISBN   978-0-646-80613-6.
  9. ↑ Karri 'Karri Knight' in the Valle de Canas, Valle de Canas, Centro, Portugal, MonumentalTrees.com https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/prt/centro/coimbra/4104_valledecanas/8314/ Archived 27 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  10. 1 2 3 Ken Fern (10 December 2022). "Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell. Myrtaceae". Useful Temperate Plants. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 "Eucalyptus diversicolor – Karri Eucalyptus". The Seed Vine. 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Eucalyptus diversicolor Karri". Euclid Eucalypts of Australia Fourth Edition. CSIRO. 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 "Eucalyptus diversicolor". Eucalink. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  14. 1 2 "Eucalyptus diversicolor". Euclid: Eucalypts of Australia. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Charles Austin Gardner (1 February 1952). "Trees of W.A. Jarrah and Karri". Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia , series 3. Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  16. ↑ "Eucalyptus diversicolor". TreeGenes. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  17. ↑ "Eucalyptus diversicolor". APNI. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  18. ↑ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1863). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 3. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. pp. 131–132. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  19. ↑ Müller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von (1863), Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ contulit Ferdinandus Mueller., vol. 3, Melboune: Auctoritate Gubern. Coloniæ Victoriæ, Ex Officina Joannis Ferres, pp. 131–32, doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.287
  20. ↑ "Nyoongar Words and Definitions". Kings Park & Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  21. 1 2 3 "Karri Eucalyptus diversicolor". Forest Products Commission. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Karri Forests". GondwanaLink. 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  23. ↑ "Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  24. ↑ "Karri Eucalyptus diversicolor". Invasive Species South Africa. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  25. ↑ "Eucalyptus gomphocephala". Australian Seed. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  26. ↑ "Eucalyptus gomphocephala". Plants For A Future. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  27. ↑ Rob Manning (1 May 2001). "Pollen analysis of Eucalypts in Western Australia - A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation" (PDF). Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  28. ↑ Lane-Poole, C. E. (1922). A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p.  44. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61019. hdl:2027/uiug.30112041668135.
  29. ↑ Dean Nicolle. "Diamond Tree". Big and Famous Trees gallery. Currency Creek Arboretum . Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  30. ↑ "Gloucester tree Gloucester National Park". National Trust of Australia . Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  31. ↑ "Pemberton Bushwalks" (PDF). Pemberton Visitor Centre. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  32. ↑ "Karri". The wood database. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  33. ↑ "Eucalyptus diversicolor". Australian Seed. Retrieved 2 December 2017.

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