Corymbia calophylla

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Marri
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Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Corymbia
Species:
C. calophylla
Binomial name
Corymbia calophylla
Synonyms [1]
synonyms
  • Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. nom. inval., nom. nud.
  • Eucalyptus calophylla Lindl.
  • Eucalyptus calophyllaLindl. var. calophylla
  • Eucalyptus calophylla var. maideniana Hochr.
  • Eucalyptus calophylla var. parviflora Blakely
  • Eucalyptus calophylla var. typicaHochr. nom. inval.
  • Eucalyptus ficifolia var. albaBlakely nom. illeg.
  •  ? Eucalyptus glaucophylla Hoffmanns.
  • Eucalyptus splachnicarpa Hook.
  • Eucalyptus splachnicarponHook. orth. var.

Corymbia calophylla, commonly known as marri, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is a tree or mallee with rough bark on part or all of the trunk, lance-shaped adult leaves, branched clusters of cup-shaped or pear-shaped flower buds, each branch with three or seven buds, white to pink flowers, and relatively large oval to urn-shaped fruit, colloquially known as honky nuts. Marri wood has had many uses, both for Aboriginal people, and in the construction industry.

Contents

Description

Red kino on fire damaged trunk Corymbia calophylla gum.jpg
Red kino on fire damaged trunk
Fruit Parc Gonzalez - Corymbia calophylla (fruits).jpg
Fruit

Corymbia calophylla is a large tree, or a mallee in poor soil, that typically grows to a height of 40 metres (131 ft), but can reach over 60 metres (197 ft). [2] The largest known individual specimen is 71 m (233 ft) tall, has a 10.8 m (35 ft) girth and a wood volume of 134 m3 (4,700 cu ft). [3] The trunk of the tree may grow up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) wide, the branches becoming large, thick and rambling. [4] [5] It has rough, tessellated, grey-brown to red-brown bark that extends over the length of the trunk and branches.

Adult leaves are arranged alternately, thick and glossy green on both sides, broadly lance-shaped to egg-shaped and tapered or rounded at the base. The leaf blade is 9 to 14 centimetres (4 to 6 in) long and 25 to 40 mm (1.0 to 1.6 in) wide with a narrowly flattened or channelled petiole 15 to 20 mm (0.6 to 0.8 in) long. [6]

It blooms between December and May, producing white to pink flowers. [2] The flower buds are arranged on the ends of branchlets on a branched peduncle that is circular or angled in cross-section. Each branch of the peduncle has buds in groups of three or seven on pedicels 6–37 mm (0.24–1.46 in) long. Mature buds are club-shaped or pear-shaped, 6–14 mm (0.24–0.55 in) long and 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) wide with a flattened operculum. The fruits or gumnuts form later and can remain on the tree for a year or more. They are oval to urn-shaped, 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) long and 25–40 mm (1.0–1.6 in) wide on a pedicel 7–40 mm (0.3–1.6 in) long. [6] The gumnuts carry large seeds, which are an important food source for native bird species such as cockatoos. The tree propagates readily from seed. [7] It is distinctive among bloodwoods for its very large buds and fruit, colloquially known as honky (or honkey) nuts in Western Australia. [5]

Taxonomy and naming

The name Eucalyptus calophylla was first published in 1831 by Robert Brown in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London , but without a description it was deemed to be a nomen nudum . [8] Brown used a specimen grown at Kew to include the species in the family as Myrtaceae. He did not give a reason for the specific epithet (calophylla); [9] however, Ferdinand von Mueller noted in 1879 that Brown "bestowed the specific name on this tree seemingly for a double reason, because the foliage is more beautiful than that of many other Eucalypts, and also because the venation of the leaves reminds of that of the tropical genus Calophyllum in the plants-order of Guttiferae." [5] [10]

The first formal description of E. calophylla was published in 1841 by John Lindley in Edwards Botanical Register . [11] Seeds of the plant had been collected at "Augusta" by "Mrs. Molloy" and sent to "Capt. Jas. Mangles, R.N.", who was later a seed merchant. [12]

Mueller placed the species with a series of "bloodwoods" in 1884, based on characteristics of the bark. [5] Joseph Maiden's 1920 book, A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus, supported this arrangement. [13]

In 1995 Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson changed the name to Corymbia calophylla. [14] [15] [5] In 2009, Carlos Parra-O and colleagues published a combined analysis of nuclear rDNA (ETS + ITS) and morphological characters to clarify relationships within the genus Corymbia. C. calophylla was found to form a natural group with two other Western Australian species C. ficifolia and C. haematoxylon . They classified the group as section Calophyllae within the subgenus Corymbia. [16] [17]

It is related and somewhat similar to Corymbia ficifolia , a red-flowered species endemic to the same region. C. calophylla differs in being larger (to about 50 metres (160 ft) high in the wild), having much larger buds and fruit, and flowers that are usually white—occasionally pink—instead of red. [10] However, in some areas hybridisation makes identification difficult.

Common names include marri and Port Gregory gum, [18] and a long-standing usage has been red gum due to the effusions of red sap often found on trunks. Red gum was recorded as a name in use by the Swan River colonists in 1835. Other species of Corymbia (then Eucalyptus) were referred to as 'red gum', so to avoid ambiguity the Forestry Department of the Western Australian government nominated the extant name marri in the 1920s. [19] Corymbia calophylla is still commonly known as a 'eucalypt', despite the transfer to the new genus. [5] The Noongar peoples know the tree as gardan, kurrden, mahree, marri, nandap or ngora. [20] [21] Second-hand reports of Indigenous names for "red gum" were reported by correspondents in The West Australian in 1929: the name kardun attributed to the Pinjarrah people and marri from the Blackwood region; marri boona was said to be a reference to the wood. [22]

Distribution

Jarrah and marri forest near the Blackwood River JF Jarrah-marri forest 10 Blackwood SF VII-2012.JPG
Jarrah and marri forest near the Blackwood River

Marri is widely distributed in the Southwest region of Western Australia, from north of Geraldton (28° S) to Cape Riche (34° S), and inland beyond Narrogin (32°56′S 117° E). It is found displaying its adaptability to the different environments on the Swan Coastal Plain and the Darling Scarp. Where the soil type is appropriate it will dominate as the upper storey in woodland, to within a few kilometres from the coast. [23] The species will grow on comparatively poor soil, but good specimens are considered an indicator of the better agricultural soils. Found in a variety of terrains including flats, hills, breakaways, wetlands, fringing salt marshes and beside drainage lines, it is able to grow in red-brown clay loams, orange-brown sandy clays, gravel and grey sandy soils over limestone, granite or laterite. [2]

Ecology

Marri is regarded as one of the six forest giants found in Western Australia; the other trees include; Eucalyptus gomphocephala (tuart), E. diversicolor (karri), E. jacksonii (red tingle), E. marginata (jarrah) and E. patens (yarri). [24] [25]

It is a common species, though its population has been subject to large fluctuations due to changes in land use. It is a dominant tree of several vegetation types when in favourable soils and climates, with rich and sometimes intimate associations to other species.

The fruit and seeds are consumed by avian species, and it is a staple in the diet of long-billed black cockatoo (Zanda baudinii) and red-capped parrot (Purpureicephalus spurius). [26] Both species prise marri seeds out of their woody capsule by manipulating it with the foot and lower mandible, and inserting the point of the upper mandible at openings in the seed-dispersing valve. [27] The marks left by the lower mandible on the marri's nut distinguish the species of parrots and cockatoos. [28] [29]

Plant species associated with Corymbia calophylla in the mid-story include the tall shrub or tree Persoonia longifolia (snottygobble) and Kingia australis (bullanock) in jarrah-marri woodland, where it dominates the canopy with Eucalyptus marginata. [30] Mid-story species can also include Corymbia haematoxylon , resembling C. calophylla in miniature. [31] Eucalypts occurring in its range can be displaced; for example, in metropolitan Perth it overwhelms E. lane-poolei (salmon white gum) on all but wetter Guildford soils. [32] On the drier coastal plain of its northern range, the size of the tree is only exceeded by tuart, (Eucalyptus gomphocephala). [33] The species is named as one of the dominant taxa in Corymbia calophylla–Xanthorrhoea preissii woodlands and shrublands of the Swan Coastal Plain, a critically endangered ecological community, once widespread and now restricted to less than 3% of its range. One of three described marri dominated assemblages, this one is distinguished by the drier soils of the community's range along the eastern edge of the Swan Coastal Plain. [34]

Old large trees became rare after extensive agricultural conversion of land during the twentieth century, but Mueller recorded specimens in the 1870s with trunks up to three metres in width. Removal of trees on farmland was found to be difficult, resisting labour-intensive mechanical methods and ringbarking. The cost-effective method, demonstrated in 1904 at an experimental farm in Narrogin, was to splinter the trunks and roots with gelignite. [5]

Conservation status

Corymbia calophylla is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, [2] but was added to the IUCN Red List as "near threatened" species in 2019. [35]

Uses

Marri trees played a significant role in Noongar culture, the applications of its products were adapted and exported by the people occupying the Southwest of Australia. [5]

The kino, [36] mayat, which oozes from the tree contains tannins which have antiseptic qualities.[ citation needed ] Mayat was powdered and sprinkled onto open wounds to prevent bleeding, added to water for a mouthwash or disinfectant, mixed with clay and water and used as a medicinal drink for dysentery or used to tan kangaroo skins for cloaks or bags. [20] [10] The use as a remedy for diarrhoea by people of the region was noted by colonist Jane Dodds of Guildford, Western Australia, "as we do rhubarb but it does not answer for Europeans". Rosendo Salvado, the Spanish Bishop, contradicts this notion in reporting the efficacy of this remedy for a widespread problem in the new colony, taken in tea or as one or two small lozenges; he says the effect is produced in a day, but also warns that overdose can lead to paralysis. The use of the kino for tanning of animal skins was also adopted by European migrants. Early mentions in literature often remark on the blood-like appearance of the kino that flowed from the marri trees in their new environment — the Diary of George Fletcher Moore recording its use in 1831. The colony began to export the product to England. Mueller gave a price at markets in London of twenty to twenty five pounds per ton in 1879. [10] [5] The value of the product was recognised by a 1922 investigation of the state's forestry. A method was patented to improve the use as a tanning agent for commercial applications, increasing its solubility and removing colour. The composition of marri kino is about two thirds tannins, and is unusual in being harvestable without felling the tree. [5]

Marri wood is used to make a variety of objects like doarks (sticks for knocking the tops off grass trees), kitjs (spears) and wannas (digging sticks). [17] Marri timber is increasingly featured in modern household furniture. The timber is honey coloured and has a unique vein structure. However, it is not used in construction as the wood structure exhibits complex faults. [5] Trees growing on alluvial soils contain less kino, producing timber with a wider range of applications. The value of marri lacking gum veins was propounded by the state conservator of forest John Ednie Brown in 1897, with a recommendation they be used for packaging fruit; however, the 1922 commission found that while useful for that purpose and others, the irregular faults reduced its utility. This view was reaffirmed by the state conservator in 1957, although the usefulness and high amount of tannin in marri kino was also noted. The wood's strength was utilised in the nineteenth century for handles, spokes and other implements, and applications in building construction, but found to deteriorate when used below ground. [10] While the timber is unsuitable for permanent construction, the availability of the timber in the mid-twentieth century saw it recommended by the Forestry Department in lower cost housing and buildings, as scantling, in boat building, and in the construction of rolling stock for railways. The timber failed testing for use as railway sleepers. [5]

The blossoms from the marri can be used as a source of sugary syrup, which can be sucked directly from the flower or can be dipped into water to make a sweet drink. The colonial botanist James Drummond noted the preparation of this drink, called numbit, in 1843. [5] These blossoms also attract ngoowak (bees) and honey can be found in the hollows of its branches. These trees also attract birds which nest in the hollows, in which eggs can be found to eat. [17] [37]

The large and distinctive fruit produced by the tree is featured in the literature of May Gibbs, whose childhood in Western Australia arguably influenced her series on 'Gumnut babies'. The Noongar poet Jack Davis celebrated the importance of marri in his poem 'The Red Gum and I'. [5]

Use in horticulture

The tree may be cultivated by sowing seeds directly at a site, or raised in pots to avoid damage to seedlings. [38] The species is commercially available as seed [39] or established plants. [40] Seed is harvested from the fruit between February and March, when they are mature within an unopened capsule. [41] While not as commonly used as the local peppermint tree in urban landscaping, the species has been selected for public spaces and as a street tree in the suburbs of Southwest Australia. [42]

A tree at Kew Gardens, grown from seeds he had collected in 1802, were the specimens used by Robert Brown in his description of the species. [5] Mueller noted in Eucalyptographia (1879) that the tree could be grown in tropical climes, giving John Kirk's report of its successful introduction to Zanzibar, but that its sensitivity to frost had accounted for its failure in Melbourne, Australia and other regions. [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Eucalyptus marginata</i> Species of plant endemic to Western Australia

Eucalyptus marginata, commonly known as jarrah, djarraly in Noongar language and historically as Swan River mahogany, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tree with rough, fibrous bark, leaves with a distinct midvein, white flowers and relatively large, more or less spherical fruit. Its hard, dense timber is insect resistant although the tree is susceptible to dieback. The timber has been utilised for cabinet-making, flooring and railway sleepers.

<i>Corymbia ficifolia</i> Species of tree endemic to Western Australia

Corymbia ficifolia, commonly known as red flowering gum, is a species of small tree that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shape adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, bright red, pink or orange flowers and urn-shaped fruit. It has a restricted distribution in the wild but is one of the most commonly planted ornamental eucalypts.

<i>Eucalyptus diversicolor</i> Species of eucalyptus endemic to Western Australia

Eucalyptus diversicolor, commonly known as karri, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a tall tree with smooth light grey to cream-coloured, often mottled bark, lance-shaped adult leaves and barrel-shaped fruit. Found in higher rainfall areas, karri is commercially important for its timber.

<i>Eucalyptus erythrocorys</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus erythrocorys, commonly known as illyarrie, red-capped gum or helmet nut gum, is a species of tree or mallee from Western Australia. It has smooth bark, sickle-shaped to curved adult leaves, characteristically large flower buds in groups of three with a bright red operculum, bright yellow to yellowish green flowers and sculptured, bell-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus jacksonii</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus jacksonii, commonly known as the red tingle, is a species of tall tree endemic to the southwest of Western Australia and is one of the tallest trees found in the state. It has thick, rough, stringy reddish bark from the base of the trunk to the thinnest branches, egg-shaped to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and shortened spherical to barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus patens</i> Species of eucalyptus endemic to Western Australia

Eucalyptus patens, commonly known as yarri or blackbutt, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped leaves, creamy-white flowers and spherical to oval fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus gomphocephala</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus gomphocephala, known as tuart, is a species of tree and is one of the six forest giants of Southwest Australia.

<i>Eucalyptus cornuta</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus cornuta, commonly known as yate, is a tree species, sometimes a mallee and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on all or most of its trunk, smooth bark above, mostly lance-shaped adult leaves, elongated flower buds in groups of eleven or more, yellowish flowers and cylindrical to cup-shaped fruit. It is widely cultivated and produces one of the hardest and strongest timbers in the world.

<i>Corymbia maculata</i> Species of plant

Corymbia maculata, commonly known as spotted gum, is a species of medium-sized to tall tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has smooth, mottled bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds usually in groups of three, white flowers and urn-shaped or barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Corymbia polycarpa</i> Species of plant

Corymbia polycarpa, also known as long-fruited bloodwood or small-flowered bloodwood, is a species of tree that is endemic to northern Australia. Indigenous Australians of different language groups have different names for the tree. The Nungali peoples know the tree as narrga or gunjid, the Mulluk-Mulluk know it as dawart, the Yangman know it as bodog, the Gurindji peoples as jadburru and the Wagiman as jagatjjin. It is a medium-sized tree with rough, tessellated bark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white or cream-coloured flowers and barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Corymbia opaca</i> Species of plant

Corymbia opaca, also known as desert bloodwood, is a species of tree that is endemic to northern Australia. It has rough bark on part or all of the trunk, lance-shaped leaves, club-shaped flower buds and urn-shaped fruit. Several parts of this plant are used by Aboriginal Australians in traditional medicine.

<i>Corymbia terminalis</i> Species of plant

Corymbia terminalis, also known as tjuta, joolta, bloodwood, desert bloodwood, plains bloodwood, northern bloodwood, western bloodwood or inland bloodwood, is a species of small to medium-sized tree, rarely a mallee that is endemic to Australia. It has rough, tessellated bark on some or all of the trunk, sometimes also on the larger branches, smooth white to cream-coloured bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and urn-shaped fruit.

<i>Corymbia haematoxylon</i> Species of plant

Corymbia haematoxylon, commonly known as mountain marri, is a species of tree that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough, tessellated bark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped to narrow egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and urn-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus guilfoylei</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus guilfoylei, commonly known as yellow tingle or dingul dingul, is a species of tall tree that is endemic to Western Australia. The trunk is straight with fibrous, greyish brown bark and it has lance-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus longicornis</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus longicornis, commonly known as red morrel, morryl, poot or pu, is a species of large tree that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous, fissured bark on the trunk, smooth greyish bark above, flower buds in groups of seven or more, white flowers and shortened spherical fruit.

<i>Corymbia aspera</i> Species of plant

Corymbia aspera, commonly known as rough-leaved ghost gum, rough leaf range gum, desert bloodwood, Brittle Range gum in Western Australia, or snappy gum in the Northern Territory is a species of tree that is endemic to northern Australia. It has smooth white bark, sometimes with a short stocking of rough bark near the base, a crown of sessile juvenile, heart-shaped or egg-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and cup-shaped, barrel-shaped or cylindrical fruit.

<i>Corymbia dichromophloia</i> Species of plant

Corymbia dichromophloia, commonly known as small-fruited bloodwood, variably-barked bloodwood or gum-topped bloodwood, is a species of tree that is endemic to northern Australia. It has smooth white bark sometimes with flaky bark on the trunk, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds usually in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and urn-shaped fruit.

<i>Corymbia erythrophloia</i> Species of plant

Corymbia erythrophloia, commonly known as red bloodwood, variable-barked bloodwood, red-barked bloodwood or gum-topped bloodwood, is a species of tree that is endemic to Queensland. It has rough bark on the trunk and branches, egg-shaped or lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and urn-shaped to spherical fruit.

<i>Corymbia grandifolia</i> Species of plant

Corymbia grandifolia, commonly known as cabbage gum, large-leaved cabbage gum and paper-fruited bloodwood, is a species of tree that is endemic to northern Australia. It has smooth bark, egg-shaped to broadly elliptic to lance-shaped adult leaves, flowers buds in groups of three or seven, creamy white flowers and cup-shaped to cylindrical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus lane-poolei</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus lane-poolei, commonly known as salmon white gum, is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth but scaly-looking bark, narrow lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and hemispherical fruit.

References

  1. 1 2 "Corymbia calophylla". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Corymbia calophylla". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  3. ↑ Nicolle, Dean (2019). Eucalypts of Western Australia -The South-West Coast and Ranges (1st ed.). Scott Print. pp. 28–29. ISBN   978-0-646-80613-6.
  4. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 136.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cunningham, Irene (1998). The trees that were nature's gift. WA: I. Cunningham. pp. 63–68. ISBN   0958556202.
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  7. ↑ "Corymbia cadophora". APNI. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  8. ↑ Brown, Robert (1831). "General View of the Botany of the Vicinity of Swan River". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 1: 20. doi:10.2307/1797656. JSTOR   1797656.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mueller, Ferdinand von (1879). "Eucalyptus calophylla". Eucalyptographia. A descriptive atlas of the eucalypts of Australia and the adjoining islands;. Melbourne, J. Ferres, Govt. Print.
  10. ↑ "Eucalyptus calophylla". APNI. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  11. ↑ Lindley, John (1841). "Miscellaneous Notices". Edwards's Botanical Register. 27: 72–73. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  12. ↑ Maiden, Joseph (1920). A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus (Volume 5). Sydney: New South Wales Government Printer. pp. 73–81. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  13. ↑ Hill, Kenneth D.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. (13 December 1995). "Systematic studies in the eucalypts. 7. A revision of the bloodwoods, genus Corymbia (Myrtaceae)". Telopea. 6 (2–3): 240–242. doi: 10.7751/telopea19953017 .
  14. ↑ "Corymbia brachycarpa". APNI. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  15. ↑ Parra-O, Carlos; Bayly, M. J.; Drinnan, A.; Udovicic, F.; Ladiges, P. (2009). "Phylogeny, major clades and infrageneric classification of Corymbia(Myrtaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and morphology". Australian Systematic Botany. 22 (5): 384–399. doi:10.1071/SB09028.
  16. 1 2 3 "Plants and People in Mooro Country Nyungar Plant Use in Yellagonga Regional Park" (PDF). City of Joondalup . Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  17. ↑ Holliday, I.; Watton, G. (1980). A Gardener's Guide to Eucalypts. Australia: Rigby. ISBN   0727012576.
  18. ↑ Lane-Poole, C. E. (1922). A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p.  44. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61019.
  19. 1 2 "Learn some of the Noongar language". ABC Education. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  20. ↑ "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  21. ↑ "NATIVE NAME FOR REDGUM". Western Mail . Vol. XXXII, no. 1, 650. Western Australia. 10 August 1917. p. 5. Retrieved 21 July 2019– via National Library of Australia.
  22. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 217.
  23. ↑ "Eucalyptus gomphocephala". Australian Seed. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  24. ↑ "Eucalyptus gomphocephala". Plants For A Future. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  25. ↑ Low, Tim (2014). "5. Land of Parrots". Where song began: Australia's birds and how they changed the world. Melbourne, Vic.: Viking. pp. 123, colour section. ISBN   9780670077960. citing 'marri' HANZAB
  26. ↑ Morcombe, Michael (2003). Field guide to Australian birds (2nd ed.). Archerfield, Qld.: Steve Parish Pub. p. 183. ISBN   978-1740214179.
  27. ↑ "Chewed Marri nut identification". Western Australian Museum. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  28. ↑ Fleming, R. (2011). "Identification of chewed Marri nuts eaten by cockatoos and parrots" (PDF). Western Australian Museum. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  29. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 197.
  30. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 96.
  31. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 118.
  32. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 112.
  33. ↑ "Corymbia calophylla – Xanthorrhoea preissii woodlands and shrublands of the Swan Coastal Plain". Threatened species & ecological communities. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  34. ↑ "Marri - Corymbia calophylla". IUCN Red List. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  35. ↑ Kessell, S (1921), The occurrence of gum veins and pockets in marri (Eucalyptus calophylla), The Dept, retrieved 23 November 2016
  36. ↑ "Aboriginal Use of Native Plants". UniServe Science. 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  37. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 222.
  38. ↑ "Corymbia calophylla pure seed". Nindethana Australian Seeds. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  39. ↑ "Corymbia calophylla 'Marri Tree'". Ellenby Tree Farm. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  40. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 219–220.
  41. ↑ Powell 1990, p. 215.
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