Zanthoxylum

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Zanthoxylum
Starr 060325-6755 Zanthoxylum kauaense.jpg
Zanthoxylum kauaense
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Zanthoxyloideae
Genus: Zanthoxylum
L.
Type species
Zanthoxylum americanum
Synonyms [2]
List
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Fruit and foliage Zanthoxylum clava-herculis2.jpg
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Fruit and foliage
Z. piperitum Fruit Zanthoxylum piperitum.jpg
Z. piperitum Fruit
Z. rhetsa bark in Pakke Tiger Reserve Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark.JPG
Z. rhetsa bark in Pakke Tiger Reserve
Leafless Z. simulans showing its knobbed bark Zanthoxylum simulans close.jpg
Leafless Z. simulans showing its knobbed bark
Z. piperitum as a bonsai Zanthoxylum piperitum bonsai.jpg
Z. piperitum as a bonsai

Zanthoxylum is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxyleae in the subfamily Rutoideae. Several of the species have yellow heartwood, to which their generic name alludes. [3] Several species are cultivated for their use as spices, notably including Sichuan pepper.

Contents

Description

Plants in the genus Zanthoxylum are typically dioecious shrubs, trees or woody climbers armed with trichomes. The leaves are arranged alternately and are usually pinnate or trifoliate. The flowers are usually arranged in panicles and usually function as male or female flowers with four sepals and four petals, the sepals remaining attached to the fruit. Male flowers have four stamens opposite the sepals. Female flowers have up to five, more or less free carpels with the styles free or sometimes fused near the tip. The fruit is usually of up to four follicles fused at the base, each containing a single seed almost as large as the follicle. [4] [5]

Taxonomy

The genus Zanthoxylum was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the first volume of Species Plantarum . [6] [7] The generic name is derived from Ancient Greek words ξανθός (xanthos), meaning 'yellow', and ξύλον (xylon), meaning 'wood'. It is technically misspelled, as the z should be x, but botanical nomenclature does not allow for spelling corrections. It refers to a yellow dye made from the roots of some species. [8] The first species that Linnaeus described was Zanthoxylum trifoliatum, now regarded as a synonym of Eleutherococcus trifoliatus . [7] [9] The once separate genus Fagara is now included in Zanthoxylum. [10]

Fossil record

28 fossil seeds of the extinct Zanthoxylum kristinae, from the early Miocene, have been found in the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, the Czech Republic. [11]

Uses

Many Zanthoxylum species make excellent bonsai and in temperate climates they can be grown quite well indoors. Zanthoxylum beecheyanum and Zanthoxylum piperitum are two species commonly grown as bonsai. [12]

Culinary use

Spices are made from a number of species in this genus, including:

Andaliman

In Indonesia's North Sumatra province, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium is harvested for andaliman. [13] In Indonesian Batak cuisine, andaliman is ground and mixed with chilies and seasonings into a green sambal or chili paste. [14] Arsik is a typical Indonesian dish containing andaliman. [15]

Chopi and sanshō

Zanthoxylum piperitum is harvested in Japan and Korea to produce sanshō (山椒) or chopi (초피), which has numbing properties similar to those of Chinese Sichuan peppercorns. [16] In Korean cuisine, chopi is often used to accompany fish soups such as chueo-tang, whereas the plant's seeds are separated and used to make oil, and the oil is used as a medicine.

Sancho

The Korean sancho (산초, 山椒) is made from ( Zanthoxylum schinifolium ), which is slightly less bitter than chopi. [17] In Korean cuisine, chopi is often used to accompany fish soups such as chueo-tang . [18]

Sichuan pepper

The fruit of Zanthoxylum armatum and Zanthoxylum bungeanum species is used to make Sichuan pepper by grinding the husks that surround the berries. [19]

Triphal and teppal

In the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Goa in Western India, the dried berries of Zanthoxylum rhetsa are known as teppal or tirphal in Marathi are added to foods such as legumes and fish. The name in both languages means 'three fruits' or 'three pods'. [20] Because the trees bear fruit during the monsoon season, the berries are associated with the concurrent Krishna Janmashtami festival. [21]

The fresh fruits are parrot green in color and are used as a flavouring agent in many curries made with a paste of coconut, chilis, and other spices. When dried, the flesh of the fruit hardens, turns a brownish black color and opens up to show the black seeds within. The seeds are discarded and the dried fruit is stored in containers for use around the year. Mostly used in fish preparations and a few vegetarian dishes, with coconut masala, this spice has a very strong woody aroma and is discarded at the time of eating the curry.

Chemistry

Plants in the genus Zanthoxylum contain the lignan sesamin.

Species identified in Nigeria contains several types of alkaloids including benzophenanthridines (nitidine, dihydronitidine, oxynitidine, fagaronine, dihydroavicine, chelerythrine, dihydrochelerythrine, methoxychelerythrine, norchelerythrine, oxychelerythrine, decarine and fagaridine), furoquinolines (dictamine, 8-methoxydictamine, skimmianine, 3-dimethylallyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone), carbazoles (3-methoxycarbazole, glycozoline), aporphines (berberine, tembetarine, [22] magnoflorine, M-methyl-corydine), canthinones (6-canthinone), acridones (1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, 1-hydroxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, zanthozolin), and aromatic and aliphatic amides. [23] Hydroxy-alpha sanshool is a bioactive component of plants from the genus Zanthoxylum, including the Sichuan pepper.

Ecology

Zanthoxylum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia).

Species list

The following is a list of species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of August 2020: [2]

Doubtful species

The genus Fagara has been sunk into Zanthoxylum, but as of September 2021, no name seemed to have been provided for the former Fagara externa, which was regarded as an unplaced name by Plants of the World Online. [24]

Related Research Articles

<i>Dieffenbachia</i> Genus of plants

Dieffenbachia, commonly known as dumb caneorleopard lily, is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is native to the New World Tropics from Mexico and the West Indies south to Argentina. Some species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, especially as houseplants, and have become naturalized on a few tropical islands.

<i>Melicope</i> Genus of plants

Melicope is a genus of about 240 species of shrubs and trees in the family Rutaceae, occurring from the Hawaiian Islands across the Pacific Ocean to tropical Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Plants in the genus Melicope have simple or trifoliate leaves arranged in opposite pairs, flowers arranged in panicles, with four sepals, four petals and four or eight stamens and fruit composed of up to four follicles.

<i>Tetradium</i> Genus of plants

Tetradium is a genus of trees in the family Rutaceae, occurring in temperate to tropical East Asia. In older books, the genus was often included in the related genus Euodia, but that genus is now restricted to tropical species. In cultivation in English-speaking countries, they are known as Euodia, Evodia, or Bee bee tree.

<i>Xanthosoma</i> Genus of plants

Xanthosoma is a genus of flowering plants in the arum family, Araceae. The genus is native to tropical America but widely cultivated and naturalized in other tropical regions. Several are grown for their starchy corms, an important food staple of tropical regions, known variously as malanga, otoy, otoe, cocoyam, tannia, tannier, yautía, macabo, ocumo, macal, taioba, dasheen, quequisque, ʻape and as Singapore taro. Many other species, including especially Xanthosoma roseum, are used as ornamental plants; in popular horticultural literature these species may be known as ‘ape due to resemblance to the true Polynesian ʻape, Alocasia macrorrhizos, or as elephant ear from visual resemblance of the leaf to an elephant's ear. Sometimes the latter name is also applied to members in the closely related genera Caladium, Colocasia (taro), and Alocasia.

<i>Gaultheria</i> Genus of flowering plants

Gaultheria is a genus of about 283 species of shrubs in the family Ericaceae. The name commemorates Jean François Gaultier of Quebec, an honour bestowed by the Scandinavian Pehr Kalm in 1748 and taken up by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum. These plants are native to Asia, Australasia and North and South America. In the past, the Southern Hemisphere species were often treated as the separate genus Pernettya, but no consistent reliable morphological or genetic differences support recognition of two genera, and they are now united in the single genus Gaultheria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uzazi</span> West African spice

"Uzazi" is the Nigerian name for the 'prickly ash' tree of genus Zanthoxylum tessmannii / Fagara tessmannii / Zanthoxylum gilletii, a member of the Rutaceae family, native to Central and West Africa, and a close relative of the Sichuan pepper. It usually refers specifically to the spice made from its fruit and pericarp, though sometimes other parts of it such as its leaves are used.

<i>Beilschmiedia</i> Genus of trees and shrubs

Beilschmiedia is a genus of trees and shrubs in family Lauraceae. Most of its species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions, and they are widespread in tropical Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. The best-known species to gardeners in temperate areas are B. berteroana and B. miersii because of their frost tolerance. Seeds of B. bancroftii were used as a source of food by Australian Aborigines. Timbers of some species are very valuable.

<i>Stenospermation</i> Genus of plants

Stenospermation is a genus of plant in family Araceae native to South America and Central America.

<i>Zanthoxylum ailanthoides</i> Species of flowering plant

Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, also called ailanthus-like prickly ash, is an Asiatic plant of the prickly-ash genus Zanthoxylum, natively occurring in forest-covered parts of southeastern China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and Japan from Honshu southward. The piquant fruit serves as a local substitute for the ordinary red-pepper in China before the Columbian exchange. In Taiwan, the young leaves are used in cuisines.

<i>Zanthoxylum fagara</i> Species of tree

Zanthoxylum fagara or wild lime, is a species of flowering plant that—despite its name—is not part of the genus Citrus with real limes and other fruit, but is a close cousin in the larger citrus family, Rutaceae. It is more closely related to Sichuan pepper. It is native to southern Florida and Texas in the United States, and to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America as far south as Paraguay. Common names include: lime prickly-ash, wild lime, colima, uña de gato, and corriosa.

<i>Citharexylum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Citharexylum is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. It contains shrub and tree species commonly known as fiddlewoods or zitherwoods. They are native to the Americas, ranging from southern Florida and Texas in the United States to Argentina. The highest diversity occurs in Mexico and the Andes. The generic name is derived from the Greek words κιθάρα (kithara), meaning "lyre", and ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood," referring to the use of the wood in the sounding boards of string instruments. Several species, especially C. caudatum and C. spinosum, are cultivated as ornamentals.

  1. Citharexylum affineD.Don - from northern Mexico to Nicaragua
  2. Citharexylum alainiiMoldenke - Dominican Republic
  3. Citharexylum albicauleTurcz. - Cuba
  4. Citharexylum altamiranumGreenm. - northeastern Mexico
  5. Citharexylum andinumMoldenke - Bolivia, Jujuy Province of Argentina
  6. Citharexylum argutedentatumMoldenke - Peru
  7. Citharexylum berlandieriB.L. Rob. - from Texas to Oaxaca - Berlandier's fiddlewood, Tamaulipan fiddlewood
  8. Citharexylum bourgeauanumGreenm. - Veracruz, Oaxaca
  9. Citharexylum brachyanthum(A.Gray ex Hemsl.) A.Gray - Texas, Coahuila, Nuevo León - Boxthorn fiddlewood, Mexican fiddlewood
  10. Citharexylum bullatumMoldenke - Colombia
  11. Citharexylum calvumMoldenke - Quintana Roo
  12. Citharexylum caudatumL. - southern Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Colombia, Peru - Juniper berry
  13. Citharexylum chartaceumMoldenke - Peru, Ecuador
  14. Citharexylum cooperiStandl. - Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala
  15. Citharexylum costaricenseMoldenke - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras
  16. Citharexylum crassifoliumGreenm - Chiapas, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
  17. Citharexylum daniraeLeón de la Luz & F.Chiang - Revillagigedo Islands of Baja California
  18. Citharexylum decorumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  19. Citharexylum dentatumD.Don - Peru
  20. Citharexylum discolorTurcz. - Cuba, Hispaniola
  21. Citharexylum donnell-smithiiGreenm. - Oaxaca, Chiapas, Central America
  22. Citharexylum dryanderaeMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador
  23. Citharexylum ekmaniiMoldenke - Cuba
  24. Citharexylum ellipticumMoc. & Sessé ex D.Don - Veracruz, Campeche, Tabasco; naturalized in Cuba + Cayman Islands
  25. Citharexylum endlichiiMoldenke - northeastern Mexico
  26. Citharexylum flabellifoliumS.Watson - Sonora, Baja California
  27. Citharexylum flexuosum(Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don - Bolivia, Peru
  28. Citharexylum fulgidumMoldenke - Veracruz, northeastern Mexico
  29. Citharexylum gentryiMoldenke - Ecuador
  30. Citharexylum glabrum(S.Watson) Greenm - Oaxaca
  31. Citharexylum glazioviiMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  32. Citharexylum grandiflorumAymard & Rueda - Ecuador
  33. Citharexylum guatemalense(Moldenke) D.N.Gibson - Guatemala, Nicaragua
  34. Citharexylum herreraeMansf. - Peru
  35. Citharexylum hexangulareGreenm. - from northern Mexico to Costa Rica
  36. Citharexylum hidalgenseMoldenke - Mexico
  37. Citharexylum hintoniiMoldenke - México State
  38. Citharexylum hirtellumStandl. - from Veracruz to Panama
  39. Citharexylum ilicifoliumKunth - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador
  40. Citharexylum iltisiiMoldenke - Peru
  41. Citharexylum × jamaicenseMoldenke - Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico (C. caudatum × C. spinosum)
  42. Citharexylum joergensenii(Lillo) Moldenke - Argentina, Bolivia
  43. Citharexylum karsteniiMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  44. Citharexylum kerberiGreenm. - Veracruz
  45. Citharexylum kobuskianumMoldenke - Peru
  46. Citharexylum krukoviiMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  47. Citharexylum kunthianumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
  48. Citharexylum laetumHiern - southern Brazil
  49. Citharexylum laurifoliumHayek - Bolivia, Peru
  50. Citharexylum lemsiiMoldenke - Guanacaste Province in Costa Rica
  51. Citharexylum × leonisMoldenke - Cuba (C. caudatum × C. tristachyum)
  52. Citharexylum ligustrifolium(Thur. ex Decne.) Van Houtte - Mexico
  53. Citharexylum lojenseMoldenke - Ecuador
  54. Citharexylum lucidumCham. & Schltdl. - Mexico
  55. Citharexylum lycioidesD.Don - Mexico
  56. Citharexylum macradeniumGreenm. - Panama, Costa Rica
  57. Citharexylum macrochlamysPittier - Panama, Colombia
  58. Citharexylum macrophyllumPoir. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guianas, northwestern Brazil
  59. Citharexylum matheanumBorhidi & Kereszty - Cuba
  60. Citharexylum matudaeMoldenke - Chiapas
  61. Citharexylum mexicanumMoldenke - Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca
  62. Citharexylum microphyllum(DC.) O.E.Schulz - Hisipaniola
  63. Citharexylum mirifoliumMoldenke - Colombia, Venezuela
  64. Citharexylum mocinoiD.Don - Mexico, Central America
  65. Citharexylum montanumMoldenke - Colombia, Ecuador
  66. Citharexylum montevidense(Spreng.) Moldenke - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
  67. Citharexylum myrianthumCham. - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
  68. Citharexylum obtusifoliumKuhlm - Espírito Santo
  69. Citharexylum oleinum Moldenke - Mexico
  70. Citharexylum ovatifoliumGreenm. - Mexico
  71. Citharexylum pachyphyllumMoldenke - Peru
  72. Citharexylum pernambucenseMoldenke - eastern Brazil
  73. Citharexylum poeppigiiWalp. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil
  74. Citharexylum punctatumGreenm. - Bolivia, Peru
  75. Citharexylum quercifoliumHayek - Peru
  76. Citharexylum quitenseSpreng. - Ecuador
  77. Citharexylum racemosumSessé & Moc. - Mexico
  78. Citharexylum reticulatumKunth - Ecuador, Peru
  79. Citharexylum rigidum(Briq.) Moldenke - Paraguay, southern Brazil
  80. Citharexylum rimbachiiMoldenke - Ecuador
  81. Citharexylum roseiGreenm. - Mexico
  82. Citharexylum roxanaeMoldenke - Baja California
  83. Citharexylum scabrumMoc. & Sessé ex D.Don - northern Mexico
  84. Citharexylum schottiiGreenm. - southern Mexico, Central America
  85. Citharexylum schulziiUrb. & Ekman - Hispaniola
  86. Citharexylum sessaeiD.Don - Mexico
  87. Citharexylum shreveiMoldenke - Sonora
  88. Citharexylum solanaceumCham. - southern Brazil
  89. Citharexylum spinosumL. – Spiny fiddlewood - West Indies, Panama, Venezuela, the Guianas; naturalized in India, Mozambique, Fiji, Bermuda
  90. Citharexylum stenophyllumUrb. & Ekman - Haiti
  91. Citharexylum steyermarkiiMoldenke - Veracruz, Chiapas, Guatemala
  92. Citharexylum suberosumLoes. ex Moldenke - Cuba
  93. Citharexylum subflavescensS.F.Blake - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
  94. Citharexylum subthyrsoideumPittier - Colombia, Venezuela
  95. Citharexylum subtruncatumMoldenke - northwestern Brazil
  96. Citharexylum sulcatumMoldenke - Colombia
  97. Citharexylum svensoniiMoldenke - Ecuador
  98. Citharexylum teclenseStandl. - El Salvador
  99. Citharexylum ternatumMoldenke - Cuba
  100. Citharexylum tetramerumBrandegee - Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán in Mexico
  101. Citharexylum tristachyumTurcz. – Threespike Fiddlewood - Cuba, Jamaica, Leeward Islands
  102. Citharexylum uleiMoldenke - Colombia, Peru, northwestern Brazil
  103. Citharexylum vallenseMoldenke - Colombia
  104. Citharexylum venezuelenseMoldenke - Venezuela
  105. Citharexylum weberbaueriHayek - Peru
<i>Sciaphila</i> Genus of flowering plants

Sciaphila is a genus of mycoheterotrophic plants in the family Triuridaceae. These plants receive nutrition from fungi and neighboring trees and have less need for photosynthesis. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, found in Africa, China, Japan, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Latin America and on various islands Pacific Islands. The most noteworthy feature of the genus is the number of the various flower parts 99.9 percent of Monocots are trimerous, but Sciaphila spp. can have eight or even ten parts in a whorl.

<i>Zanthoxylum armatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Zanthoxylum armatum, also called winged prickly ash or rattan pepper in English, is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It is an aromatic, deciduous, spiny shrub growing to 3.5 metres (11 ft) in height, endemic from Pakistan across to Southeast Asia and up to Korea and Japan. It is one of the sources of the spice Sichuan pepper, and also used in folk medicine, essential oil production and as an ornamental garden plant.

<i>Zanthoxylum piperitum</i> Species of plant

Zanthoxylum piperitum, also known as Japanese pepper or Japanese prickly-ash is a deciduous aromatic spiny shrub or small tree of the citrus and rue family Rutaceae, native to Japan and Korea.

<i>Elsholtzia</i> Genus of plants

Elsholtzia is a plant genus in the Lamiaceae. It is widespread across much of temperate and tropical Asia from Siberia south to China, Northeastern India, Indonesia, etc. The genus was named in honour of the Prussian naturalist Johann Sigismund Elsholtz.

  1. Elsholtzia amurensisProb. - Amur region of Russia
  2. Elsholtzia angustifolia(Loes.) Kitag. - Korea, Manchuria
  3. Elsholtzia argyiH.Lév. - southern China, Vietnam
  4. Elsholtzia beddomeiC.B.Clarke ex Hook.f. - Myanmar, Thailand
  5. Elsholtzia blanda(Benth.) Benth. - southern China, Himalayas, Indochina, Sumatra, Viet Nam
  6. Elsholtzia bodinieriVaniot - Guizhou, Yunnan
  7. Elsholtzia byeonsanensisM.Kim - South Korea
  8. Elsholtzia capituligeraC.Y.Wu - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
  9. Elsholtzia cephalanthaHand.-Mazz. - Sichuan
  10. Elsholtzia ciliata(Thunb.) Hyl. - widespread across Siberia, Russian Far East, China, India, Himalayas, Japan, Korea, Indochina
  11. Elsholtzia communis(Collett & Hemsl.) Diels - Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
  12. Elsholtzia concinnaVautier - Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan
  13. Elsholtzia cyprianii(Pavol.) C.Y.Wu & S.Chow - central + southern China
  14. Elsholtzia densaBenth. - India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Tibet, Xinjiang, China, Mongolia
  15. Elsholtzia eriocalyxC.Y.Wu & S.C.Huang - southern China
  16. Elsholtzia eriostachya(Benth.) Benth. - China, Tibet, Himalayas
  17. Elsholtzia feddeiH.Lév - China, Tibet
  18. Elsholtzia flavaBenth. - China, Himalayas
  19. Elsholtzia fruticosa(D.Don) Rehder - China, Himalayas, Tibet, Myanmar
  20. Elsholtzia glabraC.Y.Wu & S.C.Huang - China
  21. Elsholtzia griffithiiHook.f - Myanmar, Assam
  22. Elsholtzia hallasanensisY.N.Lee - Jeju-do Island in Korea
  23. Elsholtzia heterophyllaDiels - Yunnan, Myanmar
  24. Elsholtzia hunanensisHand.-Mazz. - southern China
  25. Elsholtzia kachinensisPrain - southern China, Myanmar, Thailand
  26. Elsholtzia litangensisC.X.Pu & W.Y.Chen - Sichuan
  27. Elsholtzia luteolaDiels - Sichuan, Yunnan
  28. Elsholtzia minimaNakai - Jeju-do Island in Korea
  29. Elsholtzia myosurusDunn - Sichuan, Yunnan
  30. Elsholtzia nipponicaOhwi - Japan
  31. Elsholtzia ochroleucaDunn - Sichuan, Yunnan
  32. Elsholtzia oldhamiiHemsl. - Taiwan
  33. Elsholtzia pendulifloraW.W.Sm - Yunnan, Thailand, Vietnam
  34. Elsholtzia pilosa(Benth.) Benth. - China, Himalayas, Myanmar, Vietnam
  35. Elsholtzia pubescensBenth. - Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, Sulawesi
  36. Elsholtzia pygmaeaW.W.Sm. - Yunnan
  37. Elsholtzia rugulosaHemsl - southern China, Myanmar, Thailand
  38. Elsholtzia serotinaKom - northern China, Japan, Korea, Primorye
  39. Elsholtzia soulieiH.Lév. - Sichuan, Yunnan
  40. Elsholtzia splendensNakai ex F.Maek. - China, Korea
  41. Elsholtzia stachyodes(Link) Raizada & H.O.Saxena - Indian Subcontinent, China, Myanmar
  42. Elsholtzia stauntoniiBenth. - northern China
  43. Elsholtzia strobilifera(Benth.) Benth. - China, Himalayas, Myanmar
  44. Elsholtzia winitianaCraib - Yunnan, Guangxi, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sichuan pepper</span> Chinese spice

Sichuan pepper, also known as Szechuan pepper, Szechwan pepper, Chinese prickly ash, Chinese pepper, Mountain pepper, and mala pepper, is a spice commonly used in Sichuan cuisine in China, and in Nepal and north east India. Despite its name, Sichuan pepper is not closely related to black pepper or chili peppers. It is made from plants of the genus Zanthoxylum in the family Rutaceae, which includes citrus and rue.

<i>Zanthoxylum rhetsa</i> Species of flowering plant

Zanthoxylum rhetsa, commonly known as Indian prickly ash, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae and occurs from India east to the Philippines and south to northern Australia. It is a deciduous shrub or tree with cone-shaped spines on the stems, pinnate leaves with between nine and twenty-three leaflets, panicles of white or yellowish, male and female flowers, followed by spherical red, brown or black follicles.

Zanthoxylum austrosinense, or South Chinese Sichuan pepper, is a woody plant in the family Rutaceae and is native to southern China.

Zanthoxylum undulatifolium is a woody plant from the Rutaceae family. It is native to western Hubei, eastern Sichuan, Taibai Mountain in southern Shaanxi to the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in China.

References

  1. ↑ "Zanthoxylum L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  2. 1 2 "Zanthoxylum". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  3. ↑ Thomas, Val; Grant, Rina (2001). Sappi tree spotting: Highlands: Highveld, Drakensberg, Eastern Cape mountains. illustrations: Joan van Gogh; photographs: Jaco Adendorff (3rd ed.). Johannesburg: Jacana. p. 260. ISBN   978-1-77009-561-8.
  4. ↑ "Genus Zanthoxylum". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  5. ↑ Hartley, Thomas G. (2013). Wilson, Annette J.G. (ed.). Flora of Australia (Volume 26). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 74. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  6. ↑ "Zanthoxylum". APNI. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  7. 1 2 Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. Berlin: Junk, 1908. p. 270. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  8. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2868. ISBN   978-0-8493-2678-3.
  9. ↑ "Zanthoxylum trifoliatum". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  10. ↑ Beurton, C. (1994). "Gynoecium and perianth in Zanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 189 (3–4): 165–191. doi:10.1007/bf00939724. S2CID   2655415.
  11. ↑ A review of the early Miocene Mastixioid flora of the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, The Czech Republic, January 2012 by F. Holý, Z. Kvaček and Vasilis Teodoridis - ACTA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Series B – Historia Naturalis • vol. 68 • 2012 • no. 3–4 • pp. 53–118
  12. ↑ Wilbur, C. Keith, MD. Revolutionary Medicine 1700-1800. The Globe Pequot Press. Page 23. 1980.
  13. ↑ "Andaliman – A Family of Sichuan Pepper". IndonesiaEats.com. 3 November 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  14. ↑ Leifsson, Lanny (8 November 2011). "Sambal Andaliman Recipe (Andaliman Pepper Sambal)". indonesiaeats.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  15. ↑ "Arsik Recipe (Spiced Carp with Torch Ginger and Andaliman – Mandailing Style)". indonesiaeats.com. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  16. ↑ Ravindran, P. N. (2017). "100 Japanese Pepper Zanthoxylum piperitum". The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices. CAB International. pp. 473–476. ISBN   978-1-780-64315-1.
  17. ↑ "Szechuan Peppercorns)". CooksInfo.com. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  18. ↑ Gowman, Philip (5 December 2016). "In praise of Sancho and Flat Three". londonkoreanlinks.net. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  19. ↑ Peter, K. V. (2004). Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Vol. 2. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 98–99. ISBN   978-1-85573-721-1.
  20. ↑ "Tirphal/ Teppal Pepper". foodsofnations.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  21. ↑ Bharadwaj, Monisha (2006). Indian Spice Kitchen. Hippocrene Books. pp. 82–83. ISBN   978-0-7818-1143-9.
  22. ↑ "{title}". Archived from the original on 2017-12-17. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  23. ↑ The Nigerian Zanthoxylum; Chemical and biological values. S. K. Adesina, Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 2005, volume 2, issue 3, pages 282-301 (article Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine )
  24. ↑ "Fagara externa Skottsb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
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