Lemon

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Lemon
P1030323.JPG
A fruiting lemon tree (blossom visible)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species:
C. ×limon
Binomial name
Citrus ×limon
Synonyms [1]
List
  • Citrus × aurantium subsp. bergamia(Risso & Poit.) Engl.
  • Citrusaurantium subsp. bergamia(Risso) Wight & Arn.
  • Citrusaurantium var. bergamia(Risso) Brandis
  • Citrus × aurantium var. mellarosa(Risso) Engl.
  • Citrus × bergamiaRisso & Poit.
  • Citrus × bergamia subsp. mellarosa(Risso) D.Rivera & al.
  • Citrus × bergamotaRaf.
  • Citrus × limodulcisD.Rivera, Obón & F.Méndez
  • Citrus × limonelloidesHayata
  • Citrus × limoniaOsbeck
  • Citrus × limonia var. digitataRisso
  • Citrus × limonumRisso
  • Citrusmedica var. limonL.
  • Citrusmedica f. limon(L.) M.Hiroe
  • Citrusmedica f. limon(L.) Hiroë
  • Citrusmedica subsp. limonia(Risso) Hook. f.
  • Citrus × medica var. limonum(Risso) Brandis
  • Citrus × medica subsp. limonum(Risso) Engl.
  • Citrusmedica var. limonum(Risso) Brandis
  • Citrus × mellarosaRisso
  • Citrus × meyeriYu.Tanaka
  • Citrus × vulgarisFerrarius ex Mill.
  • Limon × vulgarisFerrarius ex Miller

The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a species of small evergreen tree in the Citrus genus of the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to Asia, including Northeast India where it was first grown. It is a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange.

Contents

The tree's yellow fruit is used throughout the world, primarily for its juice. The pulp and rind are used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5–6% citric acid, giving it a sour taste. This makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie. The fruits have appeared in art since the time of ancient Egypt.

In 2022, world production was 22 million tonnes, led by India with 18% of the total.

Description

The lemon tree produces a pointed oval yellow fruit. Botanically this is a hesperidium, a modified berry with a tough, leathery rind. The rind is divided into an outer colored layer or zest, which is aromatic with essential oils, and an inner layer of white spongy pith. Inside are multiple carpels arranged as radial segments. The seeds develop inside the carpels. The space inside each segment is a locule filled with juice vesicles. [2]

Lemons contain numerous phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenes, and tannins. [3] Lemon juice contains slightly more citric acid than lime juice (about 47 g/L), nearly twice as much as grapefruit juice, and about five times as much as orange juice. [4]

Origins

The lemon, like many other cultivated Citrus species, is a hybrid, in its case of the citron and the bitter orange. [5] [6]

The lemon is a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange. Hybrid origins of orange.svg
The lemon is a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange.
Taxonomic illustration by Franz Eugen Kohler, 1897 Citrus x limon - Kohler-s Medizinal-Pflanzen-041.jpg
Taxonomic illustration by Franz Eugen Köhler, 1897

Lemons were most likely first grown in northeast India. [7] The origin of the word lemon may be Middle Eastern. [7] The word draws from the Old French limon, then Italian limone, from the Arabic ليمونlaymūn or līmūn, and from the Persian لیموlīmūn, a generic term for citrus fruit, which is a cognate of Sanskrit (nimbū, 'lime'). [8]

Lemons entered Europe near southern Italy no later than the second century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome. [7] They were later introduced to Persia and then to Iraq and Egypt around 700 AD. [7] The lemon was first recorded in literature in a 10th-century Arabic treatise on farming; it was used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens. [7] It was distributed widely throughout the Arab world and the Mediterranean region in the Arab Agricultural Revolution between 1000 and 1150. [7] A section on lemon and lime tree cultivation in Andalusia, Spain, was included in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Kitāb al-Filāha ("Book on Agriculture"). [9] The first substantial cultivation of lemons in Europe began in Genoa in the middle of the 15th century. It was introduced to the Americas in 1493, when Christopher Columbus brought lemon seeds to Hispaniola on his voyages. Spanish conquest throughout the New World helped spread lemon seeds, part of the Columbian exchange of plants between the Old and New Worlds. It was mainly used as an ornamental plant and for medicine. [7] In the 19th century, lemons were increasingly planted in Florida and California. [7] In 1747, the English physician James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding lemon juice to their diets, though vitamin C was not yet known as an important dietary ingredient. [7] [10]

Cultivation

Growing and pruning

Lemons need a minimum temperature of around 7 °C (45 °F), so they are not hardy year-round in temperate climates, but become hardier as they mature. [11] Citrus require minimal pruning by trimming overcrowded branches, with the tallest branch cut back to encourage bushy growth. [11] Throughout summer, pinching back tips of the most vigorous growth assures more abundant canopy development. As mature plants may produce unwanted, fast-growing shoots (called "water shoots"), these are removed from the main branches at the bottom or middle of the plant. [11] There is reputed merit in the tradition of urinating near a lemon tree. [12] [13]

In cultivation in the UK, the cultivars "Meyer" [14] and "Variegata" [15] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017). [16]

Production

Lemon (and lime) production, 2022

millions of tonnes

Country2022
Flag of India.svg  India 3.8
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 3.1
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 2.6
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1.8
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 1.6
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 1.3
World 21.5
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations. [17]

In 2022, world production of lemons (combined with limes for reporting) was 22 million tonnes led by India with 18% of the total. Mexico and China were major secondary producers (table).

Varieties

The 'Bonnie Brae' is oblong, smooth, thin-skinned, and seedless. [18] These are mostly grown in San Diego County, US. [19]

The 'Eureka' grows year-round and abundantly. This is the common supermarket lemon, also known as "Four Seasons" (Quatre Saisons) because of its ability to produce fruit and flowers together throughout the year. This variety is also available as a plant for domestic customers. [20] There is also a pink-fleshed Eureka lemon with a green and yellow variegated outer skin. [21]

The Lisbon lemon is very similar to the Eureka and is the other common supermarket lemon. It is smoother than the Eureka, has thinner skin, and has fewer or no seeds. It generally produces more juice than the Eureka. [22] [23]

The 'Femminello St. Teresa', or 'Sorrento' originates in Italy. This fruit's zest is high in lemon oils. It is the variety traditionally used in the making of limoncello . [24]

The 'Yen Ben' is an Australasian cultivar. [25]

Uses

Nutrition

Lemon, raw, without peel
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 121 kJ (29 kcal)
9.32 g
Sugars 2.5 g
Dietary fiber 2.8 g
Fat
0.3 g
1.1 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.04 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.02 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.1 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.19 mg
Vitamin B6
5%
0.08 mg
Folate (B9)
3%
11 μg
Choline
1%
5.1 mg
Vitamin C
59%
53 mg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
26 mg
Iron
3%
0.6 mg
Magnesium
2%
8 mg
Manganese
1%
0.03 mg
Phosphorus
1%
16 mg
Potassium
5%
138 mg
Zinc
1%
0.06 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [26] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [27]

Lemon is a rich source of vitamin C, providing 64% of the Daily Value in a 100 g reference amount (table). Other essential nutrients are low in content.

Culinary

Lemon juice and rind are used in a wide variety of foods and drinks, the juice for its sour taste, from its content of 5–6% citric acid. [28] The whole lemon is used to make marmalade, [29] lemon curd [30] and lemon liqueurs such as Limoncello. [31] Lemon slices and lemon rind are used as a garnish for food and drinks. Lemon zest, the grated outer rind of the fruit, is used to add flavor to baked goods. [32] The juice is used to make lemonade [33] and some cocktails. [34]

It is used in marinades for fish, where its acid neutralizes amines in fish. [35] In meat, the acid partially hydrolyzes tough collagen fibers, tenderizing it. [36] In the United Kingdom, lemon juice is frequently added to pancakes eaten to celebrate Shrove Tuesday. [37] Lemon juice is used as a short-term preservative on certain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after being sliced (enzymatic browning), such as apples, bananas, and avocados: its acidity suppresses oxidation by polyphenol oxidase enzymes. [38]

Lemon peel is used in the manufacture of pectin, a gelling agent and stabilizer in food and other products. [39] In Mediterranean countries including Morocco, lemons are preserved in jars or barrels of salt. The salt penetrates the peel and rind, softening them, and curing them so that they last almost indefinitely. [40]

Lemon oil is extracted from oil-containing cells in the skin. A machine breaks up the cells and uses a water spray to flush off the oil. The oil–water mixture is then filtered and separated by centrifugation. [41]

The leaves of the lemon tree are used to make a tea and for preparing cooked meats and seafoods. [42]

Other uses

Lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid before the development of fermentation-based processes. [43] Lemon oil is used in aromatherapy. Lemon oil aroma does not influence the human immune system, [44] but may contribute to relaxation. [45] An educational science experiment involves attaching electrodes to a lemon and using it as a battery to produce electricity. Although very low power, several lemon batteries can power a small digital watch. [46] Lemon juice forms a simple invisible ink, developed by heat. [47] Lemon juice is sometimes used to increase the blonde color of hair, acting as a natural highlight after the moistened hair is exposed to sunlight. This works because citric acid acts as bleach. [48] [49]

Other citrus called 'lemons'

In art and culture

Lemons appear in paintings, pop art, and novels. [52] A wall painting in the tomb of Nakht in 15th century BC Egypt depicts a woman in a festival, holding a lemon. In the 17th century, Giovanna Garzoni painted a Still Life with Bowl of Citrons, the fruits still attached to leafy flowering twigs, with a wasp on one of the fruits. The impressionist Edouard Manet depicted a lemon on a pewter plate. In modern art, Arshile Gorky painted Still Life with Lemons in the 1930s. [52]

In India, a lemon may be ritually encircled around a person in the belief that it repels negative energies. [53] It is a common practice for Hindu owners of a new car to drive over four lemons, one under each wheel, crushing them during their first drive. This is believed to protect the driver from accidents. [54] Hindu deities are sometimes depicted with lemons in their iconography, representing the attribute of wealth or abundance. [55]

In 20th century American self-improvement culture, Dale Carnegie advised readers "If You Have a Lemon, Make a Lemonade", meaning to make the best of what you have. In the 21st century, a defective machine such as a car is called a lemon. [56]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Citrus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, mandarins, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calamansi</span> Hybrid species of citrus

Calamansi, also known as calamondin, Philippine lime, or Philippine lemon, is a citrus hybrid cultivated predominantly in the Philippines. It is native to the Philippines, parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, as well as parts of southern China and Taiwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grapefruit</span> Citrus fruit

The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large, sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. The interior flesh is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark red.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lime (fruit)</span> Citrus fruit

A lime is a citrus fruit, which is typically round, green in color, 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter, and contains acidic juice vesicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citron</span> Species of citrus plant

The citron, historically cedrate, is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind. It is said to resemble a 'huge, rough lemon'. It is one of the original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed through natural hybrid speciation or artificial hybridization. Though citron cultivars take on a wide variety of physical forms, they are all closely related genetically. It is used in Asian and Mediterranean cuisine, traditional medicines, perfume, and religious rituals and offerings. Hybrids of citrons with other citrus are commercially more prominent, notably lemons and many limes.

<i>Citrus limetta</i> Citrus fruit and plant

Citrus limetta, alternatively considered to be a cultivar of Citrus limon, C. limon 'Limetta', is a species of citrus, commonly known as mousami, musami, mosambi, sweet lime, sweet lemon, and sweet limetta, it is a member of the sweet lemons. It is small and round like a common lime in shape. It is a cross between the citron and a bitter orange.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meyer lemon</span> Citrus fruit

Citrus × meyeri, the Meyer lemon, is a hybrid citrus fruit native to China. It is a cross between a citron and a mandarin/pomelo hybrid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudachi</span> Citrus fruit and plant

Sudachi is a small, round, green citrus fruit of Japanese origin that is a specialty of Tokushima Prefecture in Japan. Harvested before it fully ripens to yellow, it is tart and not eaten as a table fruit but used to flavor sauces and marinades, desserts, and drinks in place of lemon or lime. Genetic analysis shows it to be the product of a cross between a yuzu and another citrus fruit akin to the koji and tachibana orange.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Key lime</span> Citrus fruit and plant

The Key lime or acid lime is a citrus hybrid native to tropical Southeast Asia. It has a spherical fruit, 2.5–5 centimetres in diameter. The Key lime is usually picked while it is still green, but it becomes yellow when ripe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zest (ingredient)</span> Scraped skin of citrus fruit

Zest is a food ingredient that is prepared by scraping or cutting from the rind of unwaxed citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, citron, and lime. Zest is used to add flavor to many different types of food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange (fruit)</span> Citrus fruit

The orange, also called sweet orange to distinguish it from the bitter orange, is the fruit of a tree in the family Rutaceae. Botanically, this is the hybrid Citrus × sinensis, between the pomelo and the mandarin orange. The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. There are many related hybrids including of mandarins and sweet orange. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sweet lemon</span> Index of plants with the same common name

Sweet lemon and sweet lime refer to groups of citrus hybrids that contain low acid pulp and juice. They are hybrids often similar to non-sweet lemons or limes, but with less citron parentage. Sweet limes and lemons are not sharply separated:

The sweet lime, Citrus limettioides Tan., is often confused with the sweet lemon, C. limetta Tan., which, in certain areas, is referred to as "sweet lime". In some of the literature, it is impossible to tell which fruit is under discussion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ponderosa lemon</span> Citrus fruit and plant

The ponderosa lemon is a citrus hybrid of a pomelo and a citron. It is not the same as the 'Yuma Ponderosa' lemon-pomelo hybrid used as citrus rootstock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Preserved lemon</span> Type of pickle

Preserved lemon or lemon pickle is a condiment that is common in the cuisines of Indian subcontinent and Morocco. It was also found in 18th-century English cuisine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corsican citron</span> Variety of fruit

The Corsican citron is a citron variety that contains a non-acidic pulp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumia (citrus)</span> Citrus hybrid

The lumia is also called the pear lemon, since its shape resembles a pear. It is also called French lime and sometimes sweet lemon, even though it is not necessarily sweet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citrus taxonomy</span> Botanical classification of the genus Citrus

Citrus taxonomy is the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus Citrus and related genera, found in cultivation and in the wild.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestinian sweet lime</span> Species of fruit and plant

Citrus limettioides, Palestinian sweet lime or Indian sweet lime or Lima tree or common sweet lime, alternatively considered a cultivar of Citrus × limon, C. × limon 'Indian Lime', is a low-acid lime used in Palestine for food, juice and rootstock. It is a member of the sweet limes. Like the Meyer lemon, it is the result of a cross between the citron and a mandarin/pomelo hybrid distinct from sweet and sour oranges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pompia</span> Variety of plant

Pompia, also called pumpia, sa pompia, spompia, and China citron, is a Citrus hybrid cultivated for its edible fruit. It is a taxonomical synonym of Citrus medica.

References

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  51. 1 2 3 4 5 Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers". Annals of Botany. 11 (4): 565–583. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw005. PMC   4817432 . PMID   26944784.
  52. 1 2 Reidy, Tess (March 23, 2024). "The king of zing: lemons in art – in pictures". The Guardian .
  53. ↑ "The Correct Method of Evil Eye Removal: A Guide to Clearing Negative Vibes". The Times of India. September 9, 2024. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
  54. ↑ Leslie, Julia (1992). Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 116. ISBN   978-81-208-1036-5.
  55. ↑ Pal, Pratapaditya (1997). Divine Images, Human Visions: The Max Tanenbaum Collection of South Asian and Himalayan Art in the National Gallery of Canada. National Gallery of Canada. p. 41. ISBN   978-1-896209-05-0.
  56. ↑ Huang, Jean (October 1, 2021). "When Life Gives You Lemons, It's a Status Symbol: On the Evolving Literary and Cultural History of Citrus". LitHub. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
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