Papeda (citrus)

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Ichang papeda Ichangfruit.jpg
Ichang papeda

Papeda or papaeda is the common name for a group of citrus native to tropical Asia that are hardy and slow-growing, and produce unpalatable fruit. Walter Tennyson Swingle segregated these species into a separate subgenus, Papeda, that included the Ichang lemon, yuzu, kaffir lime, kabosu, sudachi, and a number of wild and uncultivated species and hybrids. Recent genetic analysis shows the papedas to be distributed among distinct branches of the citrus phylogenetic tree, and hence Swingle's proposed subgenus is polyphyletic and not a valid taxonomic grouping, but the term persists as a common name.[ citation needed ]

Because of generally slow growth and bitter, less palatable fruits than in other citruses, papeda species have only limited commercial cultivation. Some species, like ichang papeda, are used in landscaping, while others are important for rootstocking and as genome source for breeding disease-resistant and frost-hardy citrus hybrids. [1] In some cases the skin or leaves are used as a flavoring in Asian cuisine.[ citation needed ]

It is believed, based on molecular studies, that the citron, pomelo, mandarin and papedas were the ancestors of most hybrid citrus species and their varieties, which resulted from breeding or natural hybridization among the parental species. [2] For example, the Key lime, a hybrid between a papeda, the micrantha, and a citron, has in turn given rise to many commercial types of limes.[ citation needed ]

Classification

Citrus fruits clustered by genetic similarity (PCA of SNP diversity). Citrus micrantha (top right) is a papeda.
Hybrids are expected to plot between their parents. ML: Mexican lime; A: alemow; V: Volkamer lemon; M: Meyer lemon; L: regular and "sweet" lemons; B: bergamot orange; H: haploid clementine; C: clementines; S: sour oranges; O: sweet oranges; G: grapefruits. Genetic diagram of citrus.gif
Citrus fruits clustered by genetic similarity (PCA of SNP diversity). Citrus micrantha (top right) is a papeda.
Hybrids are expected to plot between their parents. ML: Mexican lime; A: alemow; V: Volkamer lemon; M: Meyer lemon; L: regular and "sweet" lemons; B: bergamot orange; H: haploid clementine; C: clementines; S: sour oranges; O: sweet oranges; G: grapefruits.

There are four species of Papeda currently recognised by Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. [3] These are:

There are many naturally occurring varieties that are now classified as subspecies:

A number of hybrids between this subgenus and Eucitrus also exist:

Notes

  1. Jacob, Daniel (30 June 2014). Citrus Fruits. Oxford Book Company. pp. 48–. ISBN   978-93-5030-190-6.
  2. "International Citrus Genomics Consortium". University of California. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
  3. "Search results — the Plant List".
  4. "Yuzu ichandrin (papeda hybrid). Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka. Citrus ichangensis x C. reticulata var. austere". Citrusvariety.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  5. "Sudachi ichandrin (papeda hybrid). Citrus sudachi Hort. ex Shirai. Citrus cavaleriei x C. reticulata var. austere". Citrusvariety.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-15.

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Mandarin orange Small citrus fruit

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<i>Citrus cavaleriei</i> Species of fruit and plant

Citrus cavaleriei, the Ichang papeda, is a slow-growing species of papeda that has characteristic lemon-scented foliage and flowers.

Lime (fruit) Citrus fruit

A lime is a citrus fruit, which is typically round, green in color, 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter, and contains acidic juice vesicles.

<i>Citrus unshiu</i> Citrus fruit and plant

Citrus unshiu is a semi-seedless and easy-peeling citrus species, also known as miyagawa mandarin,unshu mikan, cold hardy mandarin, satsuma mandarin, satsuma orange, naartjie, and tangerine. Citrus unshiu was named after Unshu (Wenzhou), a famous production area of mandarin oranges in China, in the late Edo period of Japan. It is said to have originated in either Japan or China, and because of its name, it is often described as originating in China; however, due to multiple genetic studies conducted in the 2010s, the theory that the maternal species of Citrus unshiu was Kishu and the paternal species was Kunenbo and that it was created in the Satsuma province in Japan became more credible. During the Edo period, Kishu was the most popular because there was a popular superstition that eating Citrus unshiu (Satsuma) without seeds made people more prone to infertility. Citrus unshiu became popular in Japan after the modernization started in the Meiji period. It was introduced to the West from the Satsuma region of Japan in 1878.

<i>Yuzu</i> Citrus fruit and plant

Yuzu is a citrus fruit and plant in the family Rutaceae of East Asian origin. Yuzu has been cultivated mainly in East Asia, though recently also in New Zealand, Australia, Spain, Italy, and France.

Sudachi Citrus fruit and plant

Sudachi is a small, round, green citrus fruit of Japanese origin that is a specialty of Tokushima Prefecture in Japan. It is a sour citrus, not eaten as fruit, but used as food flavoring in place of lemon or lime. Genetic analysis shows it to be the product of a cross between a yuzu and another citrus akin to the koji and tachibana orange.

Key lime Citrus fruit and plant

The Key lime is a citrus hybrid native to tropical Southeast Asia. It has a spherical fruit, 25–50 mm (1–2 in) in diameter. The Key lime is usually picked while it is still green, but it becomes yellow when ripe.

Zest (ingredient) Scraped skin of citrus fruit

Zest is a food ingredient that is prepared by scraping or cutting from the rind of unwaxed citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, citron, and lime. Zest is used to add flavor to foods.

Sweet lemon Index of plants with the same common name

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The sweet lime, Citrus limettioides Tan., is often confused with the sweet lemon, C. limetta Tan., which, in certain areas, is referred to as "sweet lime". In some of the literature, it is impossible to tell which fruit is under discussion.

<i>Citrus macroptera</i> Citrus fruit and plant

Citrus macroptera, also known as hatkhora, satkara,shatkora, cabuyao, Melanesian papeda, or wild orange, is a semi-wild species of citrus native to Bangladesh, Malesia and Melanesia.

Shangjuan Citrus fruit and plant

The shangjuan, or Ichang lemon, is a cold-hardy citrus fruit and plant originating in East Asia.

Kishu mikan Variety of citrus fruit

The kishu mikan is a hybrid variety of mikan, or mandarin orange, found in Southern China and also grown in Japan. It is not closely related to the common sweet orange, but it is closely related to the mandarin orange.

Citrofortunella Genus of trees

Citrofortunella are a large group of commercial hybrids that cross the kumquat with other citrus. In the system of citrus taxonomy established by Swingle, kumquats were placed in a different genus, Fortunella, from Citrus, which included citron, mandarin orange, pomelo and papedas. The result of genetic crosses between kumquats and these other citrus would then be intergeneric hybrids, so a novel genus name was coined for them in 1975, by compounding the names of the contributing genera to form Citrofortunella. That the genus is of a hybrid nature is represented by a multiplication sign before the genus name, for example × Citrofortunella microcarpa. Recent phylogenetic work has shown kumquats to fall within Citrus rather than belonging to a distinct genus, meaning these would no longer be considered intergeneric hybrids, and use of Citrofortunella as a distinct genus name for these hybrids loses taxonomic validity. All would be placed instead within Citrus.

Citrus latipes, commonly called "Khasi papeda", is sometimes mistakenly identified as Kaffir lime. Native to Northeast India, the khasi papeda is a small, thorny tree that closely resembles both kaffir limes and ichang papedas. Though rarely eaten, and extremely rare in cultivation, the fruit is edible.

The micrantha is a wild citrus from the papeda group, native to southern Philippines, particularly islands of Cebu and Bohol. Two varieties are recognized: small-flowered papeda, locally known as biasong, and small-fruited papeda or samuyao.

Lumia (citrus) Citrus hybrid

The lumia is also called the pear lemon, since its shape resembles a pear. It is also called French lime and sometimes sweet lemon, even though it is not necessarily sweet.

Citrus taxonomy Botanical classification of the genus Citrus

Citrus taxonomy refers to the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus Citrus and related genera, found in cultivation and in the wild.

Citrus rootstock are plants used as rootstock for citrus plants. A rootstock plant must be compatible for scion grafting, and resistant to common threats, such as drought, frost, and common citrus diseases.

Volkamer lemon Species of plant

Volkamer lemon, often misspelled Volckamer lemon, is known as 沃 尔卡默柠檬 in Chinese, citron de Volkamer in French, limone Volkameriano in Italian, and chanh Volkamer in Vietnamese. It is a Citrus hybrid cultivated for its edible fruit. The specific epithet (volkameriana) honors German botanist Johann Christoph Volkamer.