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Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family,Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits,including important crops such as oranges,lemons,grapefruits,pomelos,and limes. The genus Citrus is native to South Asia,East Asia,Southeast Asia,Melanesia,and Australia. Various citrus species have been used and domesticated by indigenous cultures in these areas since ancient times. From there its cultivation spread into Micronesia and Polynesia by the Austronesian expansion;and to the Middle East and the Mediterranean via the incense trade route,and onwards to Europe and the Americas.
The mandarin orange,also known as mandarin or mandarine,is a small citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange,it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. Tangerines are a group of orange-coloured citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange with some pomelo contribution.
The tangerine is a type of citrus fruit that is orange in color. Its scientific name varies. It has been treated as a separate species under the name Citrus tangerina or Citrus ×tangerina,or treated as a variety of either Citrus reticulata,the mandarin orange,or Citrus ×aurantium,the bitter orange. Citrus tangerina is also treated as a synonym of Citrus deliciosa. It is a group of orange-colored citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange varieties,with some pomelo contribution.
A lime is a citrus fruit,which is typically round,green in color,3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter,and contains acidic juice vesicles.
Bitter orange,Sour Orange,Seville orange,bigarade orange,or marmalade orange is the citrus tree Citrus ×aurantium and its fruit. It is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread by humans to many parts of the world. It is probably a cross between the pomelo,Citrus maxima,and the mandarin orange,Citrus reticulata.
The tangelo,Citrus ×tangelo,is a citrus fruit hybrid of a Citrus reticulata variety,such as mandarin orange or tangerine,and a Citrus maxima variety,such as a pomelo or grapefruit. The name is a portmanteau of 'tangerine' and 'pomelo'.
Citrus unshiu is a semi-seedless and easy-peeling citrus species,also known as miyagawa mandarin,unshu mikan,cold hardy mandarin,satsuma mandarin,satsuma orange,naartjie,and tangerine. During the Edo period,Kishu was the most popular because there was a popular superstition that eating Citrus unshiu (Satsuma) without seeds made people more prone to infertility. Citrus unshiu became popular in Japan after modernization started in the Meiji period. It was introduced to the West from the Satsuma region of Japan in 1878.
Yuzu is a citrus fruit and plant in the family Rutaceae of East Asian origin. Yuzu has been cultivated mainly in East Asia,though recently also in New Zealand,Australia,Spain,Italy,and France.
Citrus depressa (Citrus ×depressa,formerly C. pectinifera,Okinawan:シークヮーサー/シークァーサー,romanized: shiikwaasa,Japanese:ヒラミレモン,romanized: hirami remon or シークワーサー,shiikuwāsā,in English sometimes called shiikuwasha,shequasar,Taiwan tangerine,Okinawa lime,flat lemon,hirami lemon,or thin-skinned flat lemon,is a small citrus fruit often harvested and used when green,rich in flavonoids and native to East Asia.
The tangor is a citrus fruit hybrid of the mandarin orange and the sweet orange. The name "tangor" is a formation from the "tang" of tangerine and the "or" of "orange." Also called the temple orange,its thick rind is easy to peel and its bright orange pulp is sour-sweet and full-flavoured.
Rangpur,Citrus ×limonia or Citrus reticulata ×medica,sometimes called the rangpur lime,mandarin lime or lemandarin,is a hybrid between the mandarin orange and the citron. It is a citrus fruit with a very acidic taste and an orange peel and flesh.
An orange is a fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae;it primarily refers to Citrus ×sinensis,which is also called sweet orange,to distinguish it from the related Citrus ×aurantium,referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually;varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations.
Sweet lemon and Sweet lime refer to groups of citrus hybrids that contain low acid pulp and juice. They are hybrids often similar to non-sweet lemons or limes,but with less citron parentage. Sweet limes and lemons are not sharply separated:
The sweet lime,Citrus limettioides Tan.,is often confused with the sweet lemon,C. limetta Tan.,which,in certain areas,is referred to as "sweet lime". In some of the literature,it is impossible to tell which fruit is under discussion.
Papeda or papaeda is the common name for a group of Citrus species and varieties native to tropical Asia that are hardy and slow-growing,and produce unpalatable fruit. Walter Tennyson Swingle segregated these species into a separate subgenus,Papeda,that included the Ichang lemon,yuzu,kaffir lime,kabosu,sudachi,and a number of wild and uncultivated species and hybrids. Recent genetic analysis shows the papedas to be distributed among distinct branches of the Citrus phylogenetic tree,and hence Swingle's proposed subgenus is polyphyletic and not a valid taxonomic grouping,but the term persists as a common name.
The cam sành or King orange is a citrus hybrid originating in Vietnam.
The kishu mikan is a hybrid variety of mikan,or mandarin orange,found in Southern China and also grown in Japan. It is not closely related to the common sweet orange,but it is closely related to the mandarin orange.
Citrus taxonomy refers to the botanical classification of the species,varieties,cultivars,and graft hybrids within the genus Citrus and related genera,found in cultivation and in the wild.
The tachibana orange is a variety of mandarin orange,a citrus fruit. They grow wild in the forests of Japan and are referred to in the poetry of the early Japanese and Ryukyu Islands kingdoms. The Tanaka System assigns them their own species,while the Swingle System places them in the same species with other mandarin oranges.
'Encore' mandarin is a citrus cultivar.
Citrus ryukyuensis is a newly characterized wild citrus species native to the Ryukyus and adjacent islands,most closely related to the mainland mandarin orange,C. reticulata. As with other citrus,it is a member of the Rutaceae family. The Ryukyu and mainland species have diverged for more than 2 million years,and unlike the mainland mandarin,the Ryukyu mandarin reproduces sexually. Its hybridization with the mainland species has given rise to the unique mandarin hybrids of the islands.
References
- ↑ Xue, Feng; Li, Chen; Pan, Siyi (2012). "Subacute toxicity assessment of carotenoids extracted from citrus peel (Nanfengmiju, Citrus reticulata Blanco) in rats". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 62 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.12.003. PMID 22197624.
- ↑ Curk, Franck; Ancillo, Gema; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Perrier, Xavier; Jacquemoud-Collet, Jean-Pierre; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2014). "Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrus species: analysis of chromosome 2". BMC Genetics. 15: 152. doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0152-1. PMC 4302129 . PMID 25544367.
- 1 2 Karp, David (13 January 2010). "The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
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