Illicium verum

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Illicium verum
Illicium verum 1zz.jpg
Illicium verum at the United States National Arboretum
Dried Star Anise Fruit Seeds.jpg
Star anise fruits and seeds
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Austrobaileyales
Family: Schisandraceae
Genus: Illicium
Species:
I. verum
Binomial name
Illicium verum
Synonyms [1]
  • Illicium san-kiPerr.

Illicium verum (star anise or badian, Chinese star anise, star anise seed, star aniseed and star of anise) is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to South China and northeast Vietnam. Its star-shaped pericarps harvested just before ripening is a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor. Its primary production country is China, followed by Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. [2] Star anise oil is a highly fragrant oil used in cooking, perfumery, soaps, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. Until 2012, when they switched to using genetically modified E. coli , Roche Pharmaceuticals used up to 90% of the world's annual star anise crop to produce oseltamivir (Tamiflu) via shikimic acid. [3]

Contents

Etymology and nomenclature

  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species" . Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  2. Zou, Qiyuan; Huang, Yuanyuan; Zhang, Wenyan; Lu, Chen; Yuan, Jingquan (1 November 2023). "A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacology, Chemistry, Traditional Uses and Quality Control of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. F.): An Aromatic Medicinal Plant". Molecules. 28 (21): 7378. doi: 10.3390/molecules28217378 . ISSN   1420-3049. PMC   10648513 . PMID   37959797.
  3. Schönholzer, Fabio (15 March 2018). "Dried Stars". UZH News. Zürich: University of Zurich . Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  4. 1 2 Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN   9780521685535 (paperback). pp 210, 400
  5. "badian, n.". OED Online. September 2019. Oxford University Press. https://www-oed-com.library.access.arlingtonva.us/view/Entry/14568?redirectedFrom=badiane (accessed 8 September 2019).
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Illicium verum". PlantUse. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 Wang, Guo-Wei; Hu, Wen-Ting; Huang, Bao-Kang; Lu-Ping, Qin (2011). "Illicium verum: A review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 136 (1): 10–20. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.051. PMID   21549817.
  8. "Galliano" . Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  9. "Spaghetti Bolognese". In Search of Perfection. BBC Two.
  10. 1 2 Bilal, Muhammad; Wang, Songwei; Iqbal, Hafiz M. N.; Zhao, Yuping; Hu, Hongbo; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Xuehong (16 July 2018). "Metabolic engineering strategies for enhanced shikimate biosynthesis: current scenario and future developments". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 102 (18): 7759–7773. doi:10.1007/s00253-018-9222-z. ISSN   0175-7598. PMID   30014168. S2CID   49870582.
  11. 1 2 "Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects". Drugs.com. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  12. Wang, G. W.; Hu, W. T.; Huang, B. K.; Qin, L. P. (2011). "Illicium verum: A review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 136 (1): 10–20. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.051. PMID   21549817.
  13. Bradley, D. (December 2005). "Star role for bacteria in controlling flu pandemic?". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 4 (12): 945–946. doi:10.1038/nrd1917. ISSN   1474-1776. PMID   16370070. S2CID   30035056.
  14. Krämer, M.; Bongaerts, J.; Bovenberg, R.; Kremer, S.; Müller, U.; Orf, S.; Wubbolts, M.; Raeven, L. (2003). "Metabolic engineering for microbial production of shikimic acid". Metabolic Engineering. 5 (4): 277–283. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2003.09.001. PMID   14642355.
  15. Louisa Lim (18 May 2009). "Swine flu bumps up price of Chinese spice". US National Public Radio.
  16. "Anisatin". PubChem, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  17. Perret, C.; Tabin, R.; Marcoz, J.-P.; Llor, J.; Cheseaux, J.-J. (2011). "Malaise du nourrisson pensez à une intoxication à l'anis étoilé" [Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication]. Archives de Pédiatrie. 18 (7): 750–753. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.03.024. PMID   21652187.
  18. "How to grow star anise". 28 October 2015.
  19. International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 676:1995 Spices and condiments – Botanical nomenclature" . Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  20. Joshi, Vaishali C.; Ragone, S; Bruck, IS; Bernstein, JN; Duchowny, M; Peña, BM (2005). "Rapid and easy identification of Illicium verum Hook. f. and its adulterant Illicium anisatum Linn. by fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography". Journal of AOAC International. 88 (3): 703–706. doi: 10.1093/jaoac/88.3.703 . PMID   16001842 . Retrieved 10 November 2007.
  21. Lederer, Ines; Schulzki, G; Gross, J; Steffen, JP (2006). "Combination of TLC and HPLC-MS/MS methods. Approach to a rational quality control of Chinese star anise". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (6): 1970–1974. doi:10.1021/jf058156b. PMID   16536563.
  22. International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 11178:1995 Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) – Specification" . Retrieved 8 June 2009.
Star anise
Chinese 八角
Literal meaning"eight-horns"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin bājiǎo
IPA [pá.tɕjàʊ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization baat-gok
IPA [pat̚˧ kɔk̚˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ peh-kak