Angelica archangelica

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Angelica archangelica
Koehler1887-GardenAngelica.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Angelica
Species:
A. archangelica
Binomial name
Angelica archangelica
Synonyms [2]
Synonyms list
    • Angelica commutata(C.A.Mey. ex Rupr.) M.Hiroe
    • Angelica discocarpa(Fr.) M.Hiroe
    • Angelica intermediaSchult. ex Steud.
    • Angelica norwegica(Rupr.) Nyman
    • Angelica officinalisMoench
    • Angelica proceraSalisb.
    • Angelica sativaMill.
    • Archangelica commutataC.A.Mey. ex Rupr.
    • Archangelica discocarpaFr.
    • Archangelica littoralisC.Agardh ex DC.
    • Archangelica norwegicaRupr.
    • Archangelica officinalisHoffm.
    • Archangelica officinalis subsp. littoralis(C.Agardh ex DC.) Dostál
    • Archangelica officinalis monstr. phyllomanaLange
    • Archangelica sativa(Mill.) Besser
    • Archangelica slavicaG.Reuss
    • Archangelica spuriaWahlenb.
    • Ligusticum angelicaStokes
    • Selinum archangelica(L.) Vest

Angelica archangelica, commonly known as angelica, [3] garden angelica, wild celery, and Norwegian angelica, is a biennial plant from the family Apiaceae, a subspecies of which is cultivated for its sweetly scented edible stems and roots. Like several other species in Apiaceae, its appearance is similar to several poisonous species ( Conium , Heracleum , and others), and should not be consumed unless it has been identified with absolute certainty. Synonyms include Archangelica officinalisHoffm. and Angelica officinalisMoench. [4]

Contents

Description and distribution

Angelica archangelica Angelica archangelica (1118596627).jpg
Angelica archangelica

During its first year, it grows only leaves, but during its second year, its fluted stem can reach a height of 2.5 meters (just over 8 feet), and the root is used in flavoring preparations. Its leaves consist of numerous small leaflets divided into three principal groups, each of which is again subdivided into three lesser groups. The edges of the leaflets are finely toothed or serrated. The flowers, which blossom in July, are small and numerous, yellowish or greenish, are grouped into large, globular umbels that bear pale yellow, oblong fruits. Angelica grows only in damp soil, preferably near rivers or deposits of water.

Angelica archangelica grows wild in Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries. It is cultivated in France, mainly in the Marais Poitevin, a marsh region close to Niort in the department Deux-Sèvres. Commercially available angelica is often sourced from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Germany and Poland. [5]

Candied angelica Angelica, Bologna 2.jpg
Candied angelica

Use and history

From the 10th century on, angelica was cultivated as a vegetable and medicinal plant, [6] and became popular in Scandinavia in the 12th century and is used especially in Sámi culture. It was once used as an herb in Sámi cooking, and known as kvanne. [7]

It is used to flavor liqueurs or aquavits, (e.g., Chartreuse, Bénédictine, Vermouth, and Dubonnet), omelettes and trout, and as jam. The long bright-green stems are also candied and used as food decoration. Angelica is unique among the Umbelliferae for its pervading aromatic odor, a pleasant perfume entirely different from fennel, parsley, anise, caraway, or chervil. [6] It has been compared to musk and to juniper. Angelica archangelica roots are among the most common botanicals used in gin distillation, often used in concert with juniper berries and coriander as a chief aromatic characteristic for gin. [8] They are also used in absinthes, aquavits, and bitters. [9] The hollow stems of Angelica archangelica may be eaten. The stems are picked clean of their leaves, crystallized in sugar syrup and colored green as cake decoration or as candy. [10]

Chemical composition

The essential oil content of angelica root varies based on the age of the roots. Generally, the roots have high levels of terpenes, including α-pinene and β-phellandrene. [11] Studies have found upwards of over eighty different aroma compounds present in samples. Of particular interest to perfumers and aroma chemists is cyclopentadecanolide, which although present in small quantities (< 1% in roots, <.5% in seeds), gives angelica root a distinctive musky aroma. [9] [12] The roots are generally preferred for culinary and aroma uses. [9]

Angelica seeds have a similar chemical composition to the roots, including α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, limonene, caryophyllene, borneol, carvone and others. [11]

Both the seeds and roots contain coumarins and furocoumarins. Among these are 2′-angeloyl-3′-isovaleryl vaginate, archangelicin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, bergapten, byakangelicin angelate, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, 8-[2-(3-methylbutroxy)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy]psoralen, osthol, ostruthol, oxypeucedanin, phellopterin, psoralen and xanthotoxin, can be isolated from a chloroform extract of the roots of A. archangelica [13] as well as several heraclenol derivatives. [14] The water root extract of A. archangelica subsp. litoralis contains adenosine, coniferin, the two dihydrofurocoumarin glycosides apterin and 1′-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-(S)-marmesin (marmesinin), 1′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S, 3R)-3-hydroxymarmesin and 2′-β-d-glucopyranosyloxymarmesin. [15]

Etymology

Angelica is the Latin feminine name implying "angel-like" from the mid-16th century, probably named for the plant due to its scent. [16] Archangelica derives from "an angel of the highest order," an Old French term in the late (12th century), or from the Greek word "arkhangelos" ("chief angel"). [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apiaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and it may be extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarragon</span> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Tarragon, also known as estragon, is a species of perennial herb in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread in the wild across much of Eurasia and North America and is cultivated for culinary and medicinal purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caraway</span> Type of spice

Caraway, also known as meridian fennel and Persian cumin, is a biennial plant in the family Apiaceae, native to western Asia, Europe, and North Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coriander</span> Annual herb

Coriander, also known as cilantro, is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. All parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds are the parts most traditionally used in cooking.

<i>Angelica</i> Genus of flowering plants

Angelica is a genus of about 90 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Lapland, and Greenland. They grow to 1–3 m tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Found mainly in China, its main use was for medicine. It shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology, and subterranean structures. The genes are extremely polymorphic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lovage</span> Species of flowering plant

Lovage, Levisticum officinale, is a tall perennial plant, the sole species in the genus Levisticum in the family Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae. It has been long cultivated in Europe and the leaves are used as an herb, the roots as a vegetable, and the seeds as a spice, especially in southern European cuisine. Its flavour and smell are reminiscent both of celery and parsley, only more intense and spicy than either. The seeds can be used in the same way as fennel seeds.

<i>Heracleum mantegazzianum</i> Species of flowering plant

Heracleum mantegazzianum, commonly known as giant hogweed, is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. H. mantegazzianum is also known as cartwheel-flower, giant cow parsley, giant cow parsnip, or hogsbane. In New Zealand, it is also sometimes called wild parsnip or wild rhubarb.

<i>Coleus amboinicus</i> Species of plant

Coleus amboinicus, synonym Plectranthus amboinicus, is a semi-succulent perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae with a pungent oregano-like flavor and odor. Coleus amboinicus is considered to be native to parts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India, although it is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in the tropics where it is used as a spice and ornamental plant. Common names in English include Indian borage, country borage, French thyme, Indian mint, Mexican mint, Cuban oregano, broad leaf thyme, soup mint, Spanish thyme. The species epithet, amboinicus refers to Ambon Island, in Indonesia, where it was apparently encountered and described by João de Loureiro (1717–1791).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Umbelliferone</span> Chemical compound

Umbelliferone, also known as 7-hydroxycoumarin, hydrangine, skimmetine, and beta-umbelliferone, is a natural product of the coumarin family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apterin</span> Chemical compound

Apterin is a furanocoumarin and the glucoside of vaginol. It has been isolated from the root of plants in the family Apiaceae such as members of the genus Angelica, including the garden angelica and Zizia aptera.

<i>Ligusticum porteri</i> Species of flowering plant

Ligusticum porteri, also known as oshá, wild parsnip, Porter’s Lovage or wild celery, is a perennial herb found in parts of the Rocky Mountains and northern New Mexico, especially in the southwestern United States.

<i>Meum</i> Species of flowering plant

Meum is a monotypic genus in the family Apiaceae. Its only species is Meum athamanticum, a glabrous, highly aromatic, perennial plant. Common names in the UK include baldmoney, meu or meum, and spignel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phytophotodermatitis</span> Medical condition

Phytophotodermatitis, also known as berloque dermatitis, margarita photodermatitis, lime disease or lime phytodermatitis is a cutaneous phototoxic inflammatory reaction resulting from contact with a light-sensitizing botanical agent followed by exposure to ultraviolet A (UV-A) light. Symptoms include erythema, edema, blisters, and delayed hyperpigmentation. Heat and moisture tend to exacerbate the reaction.

Heracleum persicum, commonly known as Persian hogweed or by its native name Golpar is a species of hogweed, a perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. It grows wild in humid mountainous regions in Iran and some adjacent areas. Having been introduced in the 1830s, it has spread across Scandinavia. It is now very common in northern Norway, where one of its names is Tromsø palm. The plant has also been spotted in Sweden. In Finland, it has been declared an invasive species.

<i>Heracleum sosnowskyi</i> Species of flowering plant

Heracleum sosnowskyi, or Sosnowsky's hogweed, is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. Its native range includes the central and eastern Caucasus regions of Eurasia and extends into the southern Caucasus region called Transcaucasia. The native ranges of Heracleum sosnowskyi and H. mantegazzianum, a close relative, overlap in the Caucasus region. Sosnowsky's hogweed is now a common weed in the Baltic States, Belarus, Great Britain, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angelicin</span> Chemical compound

Angelicin is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the angular furanocoumarins. Structurally, it can be considered as benzapyra-2-one fused with a furan moiety in the 7,8-position. Angelicin is commonly found in certain Apiaceae and Fabaceae plant species such as Bituminaria bituminosa. It has a skin permeability coefficient (LogKp) of -2.46. The maximum absorption is observed at 300 nm. The 1HNMR spectrum is available; the infrared and mass spectra of angelicin can be found in this database. The sublimation of angelicin occurs at 120 °C and the pressure of 0.13 Pa. Angelicin is a coumarin.

<i>Eryngium planum</i> Species of flowering plant in the celery family Apiaceae

Eryngium planum, the blue eryngo or flat sea holly, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the area that includes central and southeastern Europe and central Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial thistle growing to 50 cm (20 in) with branched silvery-blue stems, and numerous small blue conical flowerheads surrounded by spiky bracts in summer.

<i>Angelica acutiloba</i> Species of flowering plant

Angelica acutiloba is a perennial herb from the family Apiaceae or Umbelliferous. It is predominately in Japan and perhaps endemic (unique). It is now distributed widely and cultivated in Jilin, China, Korea, Taiwan and Indonesia.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to herbs and spices:

<i>Clausena anisata</i> Species of flowering plant

Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. is a deciduous shrub or small tree, belonging to the Rutaceae or Citrus family, and widespread in the Afrotropical realm or Sub-Saharan Africa, but absent from the drier regions. It is also found in tropical and South-East Asia, growing in India and Sri Lanka and extending as far as Queensland in north-eastern Australia and some Pacific islands. It is cultivated in Malaysia and Indonesia. As with other plants useful to mankind its large range of medicinal properties has led to a global distribution and its growth wherever the climate is suitable. It grows in higher-rainfall regions in savanna, thickets, riverine forest, disturbed areas and secondary forest, up to an altitude of 3000 m. The leaves, which are foetid when bruised, give rise to the common name 'Horsewood' or the more descriptive Afrikaans common name 'Perdepis', meaning 'horse urine'.

References

  1. ↑ "Angelica archangelica". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  2. ↑ "Angelica archangelica L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  3. ↑ "Angelica archangelica". RHS. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  4. ↑ "Angelica archangelica L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  5. ↑ Chauhan, Dr Meenakshi (2019-08-06). "What are the Medicinal Properties of Wild Celery ( Angelica Archangelica)?". Planet Ayurveda. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  6. 1 2 M. Grieve. "Angelica". A Modern Herbal. Botanical.com.
  7. ↑ Nilsson, Lena Maria; Dahlgren, Lars; Johansson, Ingegerd; et al. (18 February 2011). "Diet and lifestyle of the Sámi of southern Lapland in the 1930s–1950s and today". International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 70 (3): 301–318. doi: 10.3402/ijch.v70i3.17831 . hdl: 10037/4081 . ISSN   2242-3982. PMID   21631968.
  8. ↑ Gualtiero Simonetti (1990). Stanley Schuler (ed.). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices . Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN   978-0-671-73489-3.
  9. 1 2 3 Jelen, Henryk (2011-10-25). Food Flavors: Chemical, Sensory and Technological Properties. CRC Press. ISBN   9781439814918.
  10. ↑ Reineccius, Gary (1995). Reineccius, Gary (ed.). Source Book of Flavors - Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7889-5. ISBN   978-1-4615-7891-8.
  11. 1 2 Burdock, George A. (2016-04-19). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition. CRC Press. ISBN   9781420090864.
  12. ↑ Burdock, George A. (1997). Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. CRC Press. ISBN   9780849394140.
  13. ↑ Härmälä P, Vuorela H, Hiltunen R, et al. (1992). "Strategy for the isolation and identification of coumarins with calcium antagonistic properties from the roots of Angelica archangelica". Phytochemical Analysis. 3 (1): 42–48. doi:10.1002/pca.2800030108.
  14. ↑ Sun H, Jakupovic J (1986). "Further heraclenol derivatives from Angelica archangelica". Pharmazie. 41 (12): 888-889 INIST 7473899.
  15. ↑ Lemmich, John; Havelund, Svend; Thastrup, Ole (1983). "Dihydrofurocoumarin glucosides from Angelica archangelica and Angelica silvestris". Phytochemistry. 22 (2): 553–555. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)83044-1. ISSN   0031-9422.
  16. 1 2 "Archangel". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.

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