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An HIV vaccine is a potential vaccine that could be either a preventive vaccine or a therapeutic vaccine, which means it would either protect individuals from being infected with HIV or treat HIV-infected individuals.
A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines or tumor antigen vaccines. Some of the vaccines are "autologous", being prepared from samples taken from the patient, and are specific to that patient.
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly-related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion. CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Consequently, CEA is usually present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults. However, the serum levels are raised in some types of cancer, which means that it can be used as a tumor marker in clinical tests. Serum levels can also be elevated in heavy smokers.
Avicine, tested and developed by AVI BioPharma, and also known as CTP-37 was trialled as a possible cancer vaccine to treat a number of different cancers. These included colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. The treatment was trialled as and intended to be induced via intramuscular injection into the bloodstream, the location dependent on the treatment area.
Labetuzumab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer. It selectively binds to carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule 5.
Mucin short variant S1, also called polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM) or epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), is a mucin encoded by the MUC1 gene in humans. Mucin short variant S1 is a glycoprotein with extensive O-linked glycosylation of its extracellular domain. Mucins line the apical surface of epithelial cells in the lungs, stomach, intestines, eyes and several other organs. Mucins protect the body from infection by pathogen binding to oligosaccharides in the extracellular domain, preventing the pathogen from reaching the cell surface. Overexpression of MUC1 is often associated with colon, breast, ovarian, lung and pancreatic cancers. Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou identified and characterised the antigen during her work with breast and ovarian tumors.
Adenosquamous carcinoma is a type of cancer that contains two types of cells: squamous cells and gland-like cells. It has been associated with more aggressive characteristics when compared to adenocarcinoma in certain cancers. It is responsible for 1% to 4% of exocrine forms of pancreas cancer.
An antigen-presenting cell vaccine, or an APC vaccine, is a vaccine made of antigens and antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) also known as CD66c, is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family..
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 3 (CEACAM3) also known as CD66d, is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family..
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8 (CEACAM8) also known as CD66b, is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family. Its main function is cell adhesion, cell migration, and pathogen binding.
Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many cancer cells, including ovary, breast, colon, lung, and pancreatic cancers. It is a mucin-like molecule with a molar mass of over 1000 kDa.
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) also known as CD66e, is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family.
Peritoneal fluid is a serous fluid made by the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity which lubricates the surface of tissue that lines the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity. It covers most of the organs in the abdomen. An increased volume of peritoneal fluid is called ascites.
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are a family of anti-cancer drugs that interfere with the growth of tumor cells by blocking the formation of deoxyribonucleotides.
Vaccine therapy is a type of treatment that uses a substance or group of substances to stimulate the immune system to destroy a tumor or infectious microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses.
James L. Gulley is an American cancer researcher and the Director of the Medical Oncology Service at National Cancer Institute.
Enzo Paoletti was an Italian-American virologist who developed the technology to express foreign antigens in vaccinia and other poxviruses. This advance led to the development of vaccines against multiple disease-causing pathogens.
Racotumomab is a therapeutic cancer vaccine for the treatment of solid tumors that is currently under clinical development by Recombio, an international public-private consortium with the participation of the Center of Molecular Immunology at Havana, Cuba (CIM) and researchers from Buenos Aires University and National University of Quilmes in Argentina. It induces the patient's immune system to generate a response against a cancer-specific molecular target with the purpose of blocking tumor growth, slowing disease progression and ultimately increasing patient survival.
COH04S1 is a covid vaccine developed by the City of Hope Medical Center. This vaccine targets patients who are immunocompromised; immunocompromised patients have often shown a weak antibody response to past COVID-19 vaccines. COH04S1 is also targeted on people who are at a high risk of COVID-19 complications. The City of Hope Medical Center strives to make a better option than the current EUA and FDA approved vaccines, which are not working as well on this group of individuals.
References
- ↑ Kaufman, Howard L.; Lenz, Heinz-Josef; Marshall, John; Singh, Deepti; Garett, Chris; Cripps, Christine; Moore, Malcolm; von Mehren, Margaret; Dalfen, Richard; Heim, William J.; Conry, Robert M.; Urba, Walter J.; Benson, Al B.; Yu, Maria; Caterini, Judy; Kim-Schulze, Seunghee; Debenedette, Mark; Salha, Danielle; Vogel, Thorsten; Elias, Ileana; Berinstein, Neil L. (2008). "Combination Chemotherapy and ALVAC-CEA/B7.1 Vaccine in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer". Clinical Cancer Research. 14 (15): 4843–4849. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0276 . PMID 18676757. S2CID 18152383.
