Trypanosomiasis vaccine

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A Trypanosomiasis vaccine is a vaccine against trypanosomiasis. No effective vaccine currently exists, but development of a vaccine is the subject of current research.

The Gates Foundation has been involved in funding research conducted by the Sabin Vaccine Institute and others. [1]

There are many obstacles to development of such a vaccine. One obstacle is variant surface glycoprotein, which makes it difficult for the immune system to recognize the infectious organism. [2] Also, Trypanosoma brucei has a direct inhibitory effect upon B cells. [3]

It has been suggested that these challenges could be overcome by a vaccine against the initial antigens, [4] or generating an immune response against the cysteine protease (for example, cruzipain). [5] [6]

An effective vaccine was achieved in 2021 using a mouse model of infection with Trypanosoma vivax . [7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "US Fraunhofer Center receives Grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation-Intellectual Property" . Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  2. ↑ Dagenais TR, Demick KP, Bangs JD, Forest KT, Paulnock DM, Mansfield JM (January 2009). "T-Cell Responses to the Trypanosome Variant Surface Glycoprotein Are Not Limited to Hypervariable Subregions". Infect. Immun. 77 (1): 141–51. doi:10.1128/IAI.00729-08. PMC   2612290 . PMID   18936180.
  3. ↑ Radwanska M, Guirnalda P, De Trez C, Ryffel B, Black S, Magez S (May 2008). Riley EM (ed.). "Trypanosomiasis-Induced B Cell Apoptosis Results in Loss of Protective Anti-Parasite Antibody Responses and Abolishment of Vaccine-Induced Memory Responses". PLOS Pathog. 4 (5) e1000078. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000078 . PMC   2386555 . PMID   18516300.
  4. ↑ "Trypanosomiasis" . Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  5. ↑ Lalmanach G, Boulangé A, Serveau C, et al. (May 2002). "Congopain from Trypanosoma congolense: drug target and vaccine candidate". Biol. Chem. 383 (5): 739–49. doi:10.1515/BC.2002.077. PMID   12108538. S2CID   22315392.
  6. ↑ Authié E, Boulangé A, Muteti D, Lalmanach G, Gauthier F, Musoke AJ (November 2001). "Immunisation of cattle with cysteine proteinases of Trypanosoma congolense: targeting the disease rather than the parasite". Int. J. Parasitol. 31 (13): 1429–33. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00266-1. PMID   11595229.
  7. ↑ Autheman, Delphine; Crosnier, Cécile; Clare, Simon; Goulding, David A.; Brandt, Cordelia; Harcourt, Katherine; Tolley, Charlotte; Galaway, Francis; Khushu, Malhar; Ong, Han; Romero-Ramirez, Alessandra (July 2021). "An invariant Trypanosoma vivax vaccine antigen induces protective immunity". Nature. 595 (7865): 96–100. Bibcode:2021Natur.595...96A. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03597-x . ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   34040257.
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