Sulfadoxine

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Sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine.svg
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Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
ATCvet code
Identifiers
  • 4-Amino-N-(5,6-dimethoxy-4-pyrimidinyl)benzenesulfonamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
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Chemical and physical data
Formula C12H14N4O4S
Molar mass 310.33 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point 190 to 194 °C (374 to 381 °F)
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Sulfadoxine (also spelled sulphadoxine) is an ultra-long-lasting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat malaria. [1]

Contents

It is also used to prevent malaria [2] but due to high levels of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance, this use has become less common. [3]

It is also used, usually in combination with other drugs, to treat or prevent various infections in livestock.[ citation needed ]

Mechanism of action

Sulfadoxine competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with folate synthesis.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other vertebrates. Human malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin 10 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.

Antimalarial medications or simply antimalarials are a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often naturally derived, that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria, in the latter case, most often aiming at two susceptible target groups, young children and pregnant women. As of 2018, modern treatments, including for severe malaria, continued to depend on therapies deriving historically from quinine and artesunate, both parenteral (injectable) drugs, expanding from there into the many classes of available modern drugs. Incidence and distribution of the disease is expected to remain high, globally, for many years to come; moreover, known antimalarial drugs have repeatedly been observed to elicit resistance in the malaria parasite—including for combination therapies featuring artemisinin, a drug of last resort, where resistance has now been observed in Southeast Asia. As such, the needs for new antimalarial agents and new strategies of treatment remain important priorities in tropical medicine. As well, despite very positive outcomes from many modern treatments, serious side effects can impact some individuals taking standard doses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dapsone</span> Antibiotic medication

Dapsone, also known as 4,4'-sulfonyldianiline (SDA) or diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), is an antibiotic commonly used in combination with rifampicin and clofazimine for the treatment of leprosy. It is a second-line medication for the treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia and for the prevention of toxoplasmosis in those who have poor immune function. Additionally, it has been used for acne, dermatitis herpetiformis, and various other skin conditions. Dapsone is available both topically and by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemisinin</span> Group of drugs used against malaria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artesunate</span> Chemical compound

Artesunate (AS) is a medication used to treat malaria. The intravenous form is preferred to quinine for severe malaria. Often it is used as part of combination therapy, such as artesunate plus mefloquine. It is not used for the prevention of malaria. Artesunate can be given by injection into a vein, injection into a muscle, by mouth, and by rectum.

Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target organisms. The MDR types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyrimethamine</span> Medication

Pyrimethamine, sold under the brand name Daraprim among others, is a medication used with leucovorin to treat the parasitic diseases toxoplasmosis and cystoisosporiasis. It is also used with dapsone as a second-line option to prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. It was previously used for malaria but is no longer recommended due to resistance. Pyrimethamine is taken by mouth.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amodiaquine</span> Chemical compound

Amodiaquine (ADQ) is a medication used to treat malaria, including Plasmodium falciparum malaria when uncomplicated. It is recommended to be given with artesunate to reduce the risk of resistance. Due to the risk of rare but serious side effects, it is not generally recommended to prevent malaria. Though, the WHO in 2013 recommended use for seasonal preventive in children at high risk in combination with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass drug administration</span>

The administration of drugs to whole populations irrespective of disease status is referred to as mass drug administration (MDA) or mass dispensing.

Intermittent preventive therapy or intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) is a public health intervention aimed at treating and preventing malaria episodes in infants (IPTi), children (IPTc), schoolchildren (IPTsc) and pregnant women (IPTp). The intervention builds on two tested malaria control strategies to clear existing parasites and to prevent new infections (prophylaxis).

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Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, sold under the brand name Fansidar, is a combination medication used to treat malaria. It contains sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. For the treatment of malaria it is typically used along with other antimalarial medication such as artesunate. In areas of Africa with moderate to high rates of malaria, three doses are recommended during the second and third trimester of pregnancy.

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Artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine is an artesunate-based oral medication used to treat malaria. It consists of artesunate and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quartan fever</span> Medical condition

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References

  1. Medical Treatment - Sulphadoxine and Pyrimethamine Archived 2007-12-28 at the Wayback Machine .
  2. "WHO | Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp)". Who.int. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  3. Matondo SI, Temba GS, Kavishe AA, et al. (2014). "High levels of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance Pfdhfr-Pfdhps quintuple mutations: a cross sectional survey of six regions in Tanzania". Malar J. 13: 152. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-152 . PMC   3998221 . PMID   24751352.