Enoxacin

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Enoxacin
Enoxacin.svg
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a601013
Routes of
administration 		Oral
ATC code
Identifiers
  • 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C15H17FN4O3
Molar mass 320.324 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point 220 to 224 °C (428 to 435 °F)
  • Fc1c(nc2c(c1)C(=O)C(\C(=O)O)=C/N2CC)N3CCNCC3
  • InChI=1S/C15H17FN4O3/c1-2-19-8-10(15(22)23)12(21)9-7-11(16)14(18-13(9)19)20-5-3-17-4-6-20/h7-8,17H,2-6H2,1H3,(H,22,23) Yes check.svgY
  • Key:IDYZIJYBMGIQMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
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Enoxacin [note 1] is an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used in the treatment of urinary tract infections and gonorrhea. Insomnia is a common adverse effect. [1] [2] It is no longer available in the United States.

Contents

It has been shown recently that it may have cancer inhibiting effect. [3]

Mechanism of action

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal drugs, eradicating bacteria by interfering with DNA replication. Like other fluoroquinolones, enoxacin functions by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. The inhibition of these enzymes prevents bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination. [4] [5] Recently, it was shown that Enoxacin inhibits the expression of the microRNA mir-34-5p, leading to an increase in the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. [6] Enoxacin is active against many Gram-positive bacteria. [note 2] The quinolone is also active against Gram-negative bacteria [note 3] [7] [8]

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration enoxacin is rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The antibiotic is widely distributed throughout the body and in the different biological tissues. Tissue concentrations often exceed serum concentrations. The binding of enoxacin to serum proteins is 35 to 40%. The serum elimination half-life, in subjects with normal renal function, is approximately 6 hours. Approximately 60% of an orally administered dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug within 24 hours. [9] [10] A small amount of a dose of drug administered is excreted in the bile. [11] High concentrations of the fluoroquinolone are reached in the urinary tract and this fact ensures an antibacterial effect continued over time, particularly in this district.

Medical uses

Enoxacin can be used to treat a wide variety of infections, particularly gastroenteritis including infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, gonorrhea [12] and urinary tract infections. [13] [14]

Adverse effects

Enoxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, is known to trigger seizures or lower the seizure threshold. [15] The compound should not be administered to patients with epilepsy or a personal history of previous convulsive attacks as may promote the onset of these disorders. [16]

Contraindications

Enoxacin is contraindicated in subjects with a history of hypersensitivity to the substance or any other member of the quinolone class, or any component of the medicine. Enoxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, can cause degenerative changes in weightbearing joints of young animals. The compound should only be used in children when the expected benefits are outweigh the risks. [17] [18]

Interactions

Notes

  1. ↑ Enoxacin is sold under the following trade names: Almitil, Bactidan, Bactidron, Comprecin, Enoksetin, Enoxen, Enroxil, Enoxin, Enoxor, Flumark, Penetrex, Gyramid, Vinone.
  2. ↑ Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Clostridium perfringens.
  3. ↑ Gram-negative bacteria include: Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella, Shigella flexneri.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sparfloxacin</span> Chemical to treat bacterial infections

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quinolone antibiotic</span> Class of antibacterial drugs, subgroup of quinolones

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References

  1. ↑ Rafalsky V, Andreeva I, Rjabkova E (July 2006). Rafalsky VV (ed.). "Quinolones for uncomplicated acute cystitis in women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006 (3): CD003597. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003597.pub2. PMC   7003573 . PMID   16856014.
  2. ↑ Mogabgab WJ (December 1991). "Recent developments in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases". The American Journal of Medicine. 91 (6A): 140S–144S. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(91)90327-T. PMID   1767802.
  3. ↑ Melo S, Villanueva A, Moutinho C, Davalos V, Spizzo R, Ivan C, et al. (March 2011). "Small molecule enoxacin is a cancer-specific growth inhibitor that acts by enhancing TAR RNA-binding protein 2-mediated microRNA processing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (11): 4394–4399. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.4394M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1014720108 . PMC   3060242 . PMID   21368194.
  4. ↑ Yoshida H, Nakamura M, Bogaki M, Ito H, Kojima T, Hattori H, Nakamura S (April 1993). "Mechanism of action of quinolones against Escherichia coli DNA gyrase". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 37 (4): 839–845. doi:10.1128/aac.37.4.839. PMC   187778 . PMID   8388200.
  5. ↑ Wolfson JS, Hooper DC (October 1985). "The fluoroquinolones: structures, mechanisms of action and resistance, and spectra of activity in vitro". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 28 (4): 581–586. doi:10.1128/aac.28.4.581. PMC   180310 . PMID   3000292.
  6. ↑ Pinto S, Sato VN, De-Souza EA, Ferraz RC, Camara H, Pinca AP, et al. (September 2018). "Enoxacin extends lifespan of C. elegans by inhibiting miR-34-5p and promoting mitohormesis". Redox Biology. 18: 84–92. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2018.06.006. PMC   6037660 . PMID   29986212.
  7. ↑ Chin NX, Neu HC (November 1983). "In vitro activity of enoxacin, a quinolone carboxylic acid, compared with those of norfloxacin, new beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 24 (5): 754–763. doi:10.1128/aac.24.5.754. PMC   185938 . PMID   6229216.
  8. ↑ Wise R, Andrews JM, Danks G (March 1984). "In-vitro activity of enoxacin (CL-919), a new quinoline derivative, compared with that of other antimicrobial agents". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 13 (3): 237–244. doi:10.1093/jac/13.3.237. PMID   6586712.
  9. ↑ Wise R, Lockley R, Dent J, Webberly M (July 1984). "Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of enoxacin". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 26 (1): 17–19. doi:10.1128/aac.26.1.17. PMC   179907 . PMID   6591851.
  10. ↑ Wise R, Lister D, McNulty CA, Griggs D, Andrews JM (1986). "The comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of four quinolones including intravenously administered enoxacin". Infection. 14 (Suppl 3): S196–S202. doi:10.1007/bf01667843. PMID   3463542. S2CID   21959049.
  11. ↑ Flowerdew A, Walker E, Karran SJ (1985). Evaluation of biliary pharmacokinetics of oral enoxacin, a new quinolone antibiotic. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy. Kyoto. p. 42.
  12. ↑ van der Willigen AH, van der Hoek JC, Wagenvoort JH, van Vliet HJ, van Klingeren B, Schalla WO, et al. (April 1987). "Comparative double-blind study of 200- and 400-mg enoxacin given orally in the treatment of acute uncomplicated urethral gonorrhea in males". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 31 (4): 535–538. doi:10.1128/aac.31.4.535. PMC   174773 . PMID   3111354.
  13. ↑ Huttunen M, Kunnas K, Saloranta P (February 1988). "Enoxacin treatment of urinary tract infections in elderly patients". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 21 (Suppl B): 105–111. doi:10.1093/jac/21.suppl_b.105. PMID   3162900.
  14. ↑ Backhouse CI, Matthews JA (June 1989). "Single-dose enoxacin compared with 3-day treatment for urinary tract infection". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 33 (6): 877–880. doi:10.1128/aac.33.6.877. PMC   284249 . PMID   2764538.
  15. ↑ De Sarro A, Zappalá M, Chimirri A, Grasso S, De Sarro GB (July 1993). "Quinolones potentiate cefazolin-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 37 (7): 1497–1503. doi:10.1128/aac.37.7.1497. PMC   188001 . PMID   8395790.
  16. ↑ Simpson KJ, Brodie MJ (July 1985). "Convulsions related to enoxacin". Lancet. 2 (8447): 161. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90270-3. PMID   2862357. S2CID   45528661.
  17. ↑ Chalumeau M, Tonnelier S, D'Athis P, Tréluyer JM, Gendrel D, Bréart G, Pons G (June 2003). "Fluoroquinolone safety in pediatric patients: a prospective, multicenter, comparative cohort study in France". Pediatrics. 111 (6 Pt 1): e714–e719. doi: 10.1542/peds.111.6.e714 . PMID   12777590.
  18. ↑ Committee on Infectious Diseases (September 2006). "The use of systemic fluoroquinolones". Pediatrics. 118 (3): 1287–1292. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1722 . PMID   16951028.
  19. ↑ Morita H, Maemura K, Sakai Y, Kaneda Y (May 1988). "[A case of convulsion, loss of consciousness and subsequent acute renal failure caused by enoxacin and fenbufen]". Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi. The Journal of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine (in Japanese). 77 (5): 744–745. doi: 10.2169/naika.77.744 . PMID   3216153.
  20. ↑ Hara Y, Ally A, Suzuki T, Murayama S (October 1992). "[Effects of drugs on the convulsions induced by the combination of a new quinolone antimicrobial, enoxacin, and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, fenbufen, in mice]". Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica (in Japanese). 100 (4): 301–305. doi: 10.1254/fpj.100.301 . PMID   1446880.
  21. ↑ Masukawa T, Nakanishi K, Natsuki R (April 1998). "Role of nitric oxide in the convulsions following the coadministration of enoxacin with fenbufen in mice". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 76 (4): 425–429. doi: 10.1254/jjp.76.425 . PMID   9623721.
  22. ↑ Masukawa T, Nakanishi K (February 1997). "Circadian variation in enoxacin-induced convulsions in mice coadministered with fenbufen". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 73 (2): 175–177. doi: 10.1254/jjp.73.175 . PMID   9074952.
  23. ↑ Wijnands WJ, van Herwaarden CL, Vree TB (July 1984). "Enoxacin raises plasma theophylline concentrations". Lancet. 2 (8394): 108–109. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90283-6. PMID   6145999. S2CID   22217064.
  24. ↑ Niki Y, Soejima R, Kawane H, Sumi M, Umeki S (October 1987). "New synthetic quinolone antibacterial agents and serum concentration of theophylline". Chest. 92 (4): 663–669. doi:10.1378/chest.92.4.663. PMID   3477409. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
  25. ↑ Mizuki Y, Fujiwara I, Yamaguchi T, Sekine Y (August 1996). "Structure-related inhibitory effect of antimicrobial enoxacin and derivatives on theophylline metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 40 (8): 1875–1880. doi:10.1128/AAC.40.8.1875. PMC   163433 . PMID   8843297.
  26. ↑ Sano M, Kawakatsu K, Ohkita C, Yamamoto I, Takeyama M, Yamashina H, Goto M (1988). "Effects of enoxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin on theophylline disposition in humans". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 35 (2): 161–165. doi:10.1007/bf00609246. PMID   3191935. S2CID   1513011.
  27. ↑ Grasela TH, Schentag JJ, Sedman AJ, Wilton JH, Thomas DJ, Schultz RW, et al. (May 1989). "Inhibition of enoxacin absorption by antacids or ranitidine". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 33 (5): 615–617. doi:10.1128/aac.33.5.615. PMC   172500 . PMID   2751276.
  28. ↑ Nix DE, Lebsack ME, Chapelsky M, Sedman AJ, Busch J, Norman A (April 1993). "Effect of oral antacids on disposition of intravenous enoxacin". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 37 (4): 775–777. doi:10.1128/aac.37.4.775. PMC   187758 . PMID   8494374.
  29. ↑ Misiak PM, Eldon MA, Toothaker RD, Sedman AJ (January 1993). "Effects of oral cimetidine or ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous enoxacin". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 33 (1): 53–56. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03903.x. PMID   8429114. S2CID   35219055.

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