WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children

For the adult list, see WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (aka Essential Medicines List for Children ^[1] or EMLc ^[1] ), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe in children up to twelve years of age to meet the most important needs in a health system. ^{[2] [3]}

The list is divided into core items and complementary items. ^[4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources. ^[4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio. ^[4]

The first list for children was created in 2007, and the list is in its 9th edition as of 2023 ^[update] . ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}

Note: An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list. ^[4]

Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases

General anaesthetics and oxygen

Inhalational medicines

• Halothane
• Isoflurane
• Nitrous oxide
• Oxygen

Injectable medicines

• Ketamine
• Propofol ^{[note 1]}

Local anaesthetics

• Bupivacaine
• Lidocaine
• Lidocaine/epinephrine (lidocaine + epinephrine)

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

• Atropine
• Midazolam
• Morphine

Medical gases

• Oxygen ^{[note 2]}

Medicines for pain and palliative care

Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)

• Ibuprofen ^{[note 3]}
• Paracetamol ^{[note 4]} (acetaminophen)

Opioid analgesics

• Morphine ^{[note 5]}
• Methadone ^{α [note 6]}

Medicines for other symptoms common in palliative care

• Amitriptyline
• Cyclizine
• Dexamethasone
• Diazepam
• Docusate sodium
• Fluoxetine
• Hyoscine hydrobromide
• Lactulose
• Midazolam
• Ondansetron ^{[note 7]}
• Senna

Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis

• Dexamethasone
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Hydrocortisone
• Loratadine ^{[note 8] [note 9]}
• Prednisolone ^{[note 10]}

Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings

Non-specific

• Charcoal, activated

Specific

• Acetylcysteine
• Atropine
• Calcium gluconate
• Naloxone
• Deferoxamine ^α
• Dimercaprol ^α
• Fomepizole ^α
• Sodium calcium edetate ^α
• Succimer ^α

Anticonvulsants/antiepileptics

• Carbamazepine
• Diazepam
• Lamotrigine ^{[note 11]}
• Lorazepam ^{[note 12]}
• Midazolam ^{[note 13]}
• Phenobarbital
• Phenytoin ^{[note 14]}
• Valproic acid (sodium valproate) ^{[note 15]}
• Ethosuximide ^α
• Valproic acid (sodium valproate) ^{α [note 15]}

Anti-infective medicines

Anthelminthics

Intestinal anthelminthics

A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole

• Albendazole
• Ivermectin
• Levamisole
• Mebendazole
• Niclosamide
• Praziquantel
• Pyrantel

Antifilarials

• Albendazole
• Diethylcarbamazine
• Ivermectin

Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines

• Praziquantel
• Triclabendazole
• Oxamniquine ^{α [note 16]}

Cysticidal medicines

• Albendazole ^α
• Mebendazole ^α
• Praziquantel ^α

Antibacterials

Access group antibiotics

• Amikacin
• Amoxicillin
• Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)
• Ampicillin
• Benzathine benzylpenicillin
• Benzylpenicillin
• Cefalexin
• Cefazolin ^{[note 17]}
• Chloramphenicol ^{[note 18]}
• Clindamycin
• Cloxacillin ^{[note 19] [note 20]}
• Doxycycline ^{[note 21]}
• Gentamicin
• Metronidazole
• Nitrofurantoin
• Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)
• Procaine benzylpenicillin ^{[note 22]}
• Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)
• Trimethoprim

Watch group antibiotics

• Azithromycin
• Cefixime
• Cefotaxime ^{[note 23]}
• Ceftriaxone ^{[note 24] [note 25]}
• Cefuroxime
• Ciprofloxacin
• Clarithromycin ^{[note 26]}
• Piperacillin/tazobactam (piperacillin + tazobactam)
• Vancomycin
• Ceftazidime ^α
• Meropenem ^{α [note 27]}
• Vancomycin ^α

Reserve group antibiotics

Reserve antibiotics are last-resort antibiotics. The EML antibiotic book was published in 2022. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

• Ceftazidime/avibactam (ceftazidime + avibactam) ^α
• Colistin ^α
• Fosfomycin ^α
• Linezolid ^α
• Polymyxin B ^α

Antileprosy medicines

• Clofazimine
• Dapsone
• Rifampicin

Antituberculosis medicines

Pure crystals of ethambutol

• Ethambutol
• Isoniazid
• Isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)
• Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampicin)
• Isoniazid/rifapentine (isoniazid + rifapentine)
• Pyrazinamide
• Rifampicin
• Rifapentine
• Amikacin ^α
• Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid) ^{α [note 28]}
• Bedaquiline ^α
• Clofazimine ^α
• Cycloserine ^{α [note 29]}
• Delamanid ^α
• Ethionamide ^{α [note 30]}
• Levofloxacin ^α
• Linezolid ^α
• Meropenem ^α
• Moxifloxacin ^α
• P-aminosalicylic acid ^α
• Streptomycin ^α

Antifungal medicines

• Amphotericin B
• Fluconazole
• Flucytosine
• Griseofulvin
• Itraconazole ^{[note 31]}
• Nystatin
• Voriconazole ^{[note 32]}
• Micafungin ^{α [note 33]}
• Potassium iodide ^α

Antiviral medicines

Antiherpes medicines

• Aciclovir

Antiretrovirals

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

• Lamivudine
• Zidovudine

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

• Nevirapine

Protease inhibitors

• Darunavir
• Lopinavir/ritonavir (lopinavir + ritonavir)
• Ritonavir

Integrase inhibitors

• Dolutegravir
• Raltegravir ^{[note 34]}

Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines

• Abacavir/lamivudine (abacavir + lamivudine)
• Lamivudine/zidovudine (lamivudine + zidovudine)

Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections

• Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)

Other antivirals

• Ribavirin ^{[note 35]}
• Oseltamivir ^{α [note 36]}
• Valganciclovir ^{α [note 37]}

Antihepatitis medicines

Medicines for hepatitis B

Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

• Entecavir

Medicines for hepatitis C

Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations

• Daclatasvir ^{[note 38]}
• Daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (daclatasvir + sofosbuvir)
• Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (glecaprevir + pibrentasvir)
• Sofosbuvir ^{[note 39]}
• Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (sofosbuvir + velpatasvir)

Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations

No listings in this section.

Other antivirals for hepatitis C

No listings in this section.

Antiprotozoal medicines

Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines

• Diloxanide
• Metronidazole ^{[note 40]}

Antileishmaniasis medicines

• Amphotericin B
• Miltefosine
• Paromomycin
• Sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate

Antimalarial medicines

For curative treatment

• Amodiaquine ^{[note 41]}
• Artemether ^{[note 42]}
• Artemether/lumefantrine (artemether + lumefantrine) ^{[note 43]}
• Artesunate ^{[note 44]}
• Artesunate/amodiaquine (artesunate + amodiaquine) ^{[note 45]}
• Artesunate/mefloquine (artesunate + mefloquine)
• Artesunate/pyronaridine tetraphosphate (artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate)
• Chloroquine ^{[note 46]}
• Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine phosphate (dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate)
• Doxycycline ^{[note 47]}
• Mefloquine ^{[note 48]}
• Primaquine ^{[note 49]}
• Quinine ^{[note 50]}
• Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine) ^{[note 51]}

For chemoprevention

• Amodiaquine + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Co-packaged)
• Chloroquine ^{[note 52]}
• Doxycycline
• Mefloquine
• Proguanil ^{[note 53]}
• Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine)

Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines

• Pyrimethamine
• Sulfadiazine
• Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)

Antitrypanosomal medicines

African trypanosomiasis

• Fexinidazole ^{[note 54]}

1st stage

• Pentamidine ^{[note 55]}
• Suramin sodium ^{[note 56]}

2nd stage

• Eflornithine ^{[note 57]}
• Nifurtimox ^{[note 58]}
• Melarsoprol ^α

American trypanosomiasis

• Benznidazole
• Nifurtimox

Medicines for ectoparasitic infections

• Ivermectin

Antimigraine medicines

For treatment of acute attack

• Ibuprofen
• Paracetamol

For prophylaxis

• Propranolol

Immunomodulators and Antineoplastics

Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease

• Adalimumab ^{α [note 59]}
• Azathioprine ^α
• Ciclosporin ^α
• Tacrolimus ^α

Antineoplastic and supportive medicines

Cytotoxic medicines

• Arsenic trioxide ^α
• Asparaginase ^{α [note 60]}
• Bleomycin ^α
• Calcium folinate ^α
• Carboplatin ^α
• Cisplatin ^α
• Cyclophosphamide ^α
• Cytarabine ^α
• Dacarbazine ^α
• Dactinomycin ^α
• Daunorubicin ^α
• Doxorubicin ^α
• Etoposide ^α
• Fluorouracil ^α
• Hydroxycarbamide ^α
• Ifosfamide ^α
• Irinotecan ^α
• Mercaptopurine ^α
• Methotrexate ^α
• Oxaliplatin ^α
• Paclitaxel ^α
• Pegaspargase ^{α [note 60]}
• Procarbazine ^α
• Realgar/Indigo naturalis ^α
• Tioguanine ^α
• Vinblastine ^α
• Vincristine ^α
• Vinorelbine ^α

Targeted therapies

• All-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) ^α
• Dasatinib ^α
• Everolimus ^α
• Imatinib ^α
• Nilotinib ^α
• Rituximab ^{α [note 61]}

Immunomodulators

• Filgrastim ^{α [note 60]}

Hormones and antihormones

• Dexamethasone ^α
• Hydrocortisone ^α
• Methylprednisolone ^α
• Prednisolone ^{α [note 62]}

Supportive medicines

• Allopurinol ^α
• Mesna ^α
• Rasburicase ^α

Medicines affecting the blood

Antianaemia medicines

• Ferrous salt
• Folic acid
• Hydroxocobalamin
• Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ^{[note 63]}

Medicines affecting coagulation

• Enoxaparin ^{[note 64]}
• Phytomenadione
• Desmopressin ^α
• Heparin sodium ^α
• Protamine sulfate ^α
• Warfarin ^α

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies

• Deferoxamine ^{α [note 65]}
• Hydroxycarbamide ^α

Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes

Blood and blood components

Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma

• Fresh frozen plasma
• Platelets
• Red blood cells
• Whole blood

Plasma-derived medicines

Human immunoglobulins

• Anti-rabies immunoglobulin
• Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin
• Normal immunoglobulin ^α

Blood coagulation factors

• Coagulation factor VIII ^α
• Coagulation factor IX ^α

Plasma substitutes

• Dextran 70 ^{[note 66]}

Cardiovascular medicines

Antianginal medicines

No listings in this section.

Antiarrhythmic medicines

No listings in this section.

Antihypertensive medicines

• Enalapril ^{[note 67]}

Medicines used in heart failure

• Digoxin
• Furosemide
• Dopamine ^α

Antithrombotic medicines

No listings in this section.

Lipid-lowering agents

No listings in this section.

Dermatological medicines (topical)

Antifungal medicines

• Miconazole ^{[note 68]}
• Terbinafine

Anti-infective medicines

• Mupirocin
• Potassium permanganate
• Silver sulfadiazine

Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

• Betamethasone ^{[note 69]}
• Calamine
• Hydrocortisone

Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

• Benzoyl peroxide
• Calcipotriol ^{[note 70]}
• Coal tar
• Podophyllum resin ^{[note 71]}
• Salicylic acid
• Urea

Scabicides and pediculicides

• Benzyl benzoate ^{[note 72]}
• Permethrin

Diagnostic agents

Ophthalmic medicines

• Fluorescein
• Tropicamide ^{[note 73]}

Radiocontrast media

• Barium sulfate ^α

Disinfectants and antiseptics

Antiseptics

• Chlorhexidine
• Ethanol ^{[note 74]}
• Povidone iodine ^{[note 75]}

Disinfectants

• Alcohol based hand rub
• Chlorine base compound
• Chloroxylenol ^{[note 76]}
• Glutaral

Diuretics

• Furosemide
• Hydrochlorothiazide ^{α [note 77]}
• Mannitol ^α
• Spironolactone ^α

Gastrointestinal medicines

• Pancreatic enzymes ^α

Antiulcer medicines

• Omeprazole ^{[note 78]}
• Ranitidine ^{[note 79]}

Antiemetic medicines

• Dexamethasone
• Metoclopramide
• Ondansetron ^{[note 7]}
• Aprepitant ^α

Anti-inflammatory medicines

No listings in this section.

Laxatives

No listings in this section.

Medicines used in diarrhoea

• Oral rehydration salts + zinc sulfate (Co-packaged)

Oral rehydration

• Oral rehydration salts

Medicines for diarrhoea

• Zinc sulfate ^{[note 80]}

Medicines for endocrine disorders

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes

• Fludrocortisone
• Hydrocortisone

Androgens

No listings in this section.

Estrogens

No listings in this section.

Progestogens

No listings in this section.

Medicines for diabetes

Insulins

• Insulin injection (soluble) ^{[note 60]}
• Intermediate-acting insulin ^{[note 60]}
• Long-acting insulin analogues ^{[note 81]}

Oral hypoglycaemic agents

• Metformin ^α

Medicines for hypoglycaemia

• Glucagon
• Diazoxide ^α

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

• Levothyroxine
• Lugol's solution ^α
• Methimazole ^{[note 82]}
• Potassium iodide ^α
• Propylthiouracil ^{α [note 83]}

Immunologicals

Diagnostic agents

• Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)

Sera and immunoglobulins

• Anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies ^{[note 60]}
• Antivenom immunoglobulin ^{[note 84]}
• Diphtheria antitoxin
• Equine rabies immunoglobulin

Vaccines

Recommendations for all

• BCG vaccine
• Diphtheria vaccine
• Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
• Hepatitis B vaccine
• HPV vaccine
• Measles vaccine
• Pertussis vaccine
• Pneumococcal vaccine
• Poliomyelitis vaccine
• Rotavirus vaccine
• Rubella vaccine
• Tetanus vaccine

Recommendations for certain regions

• Japanese encephalitis vaccine ^{[note 85]}
• Yellow fever vaccine ^{[note 85]}
• Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine ^{[note 85]}

Recommendations for some high-risk populations

• Cholera vaccine ^{[note 86]}
• Dengue vaccine ^{[note 86]}
• Hepatitis A vaccine ^{[note 86]}
• Meningococcal meningitis vaccine ^{[note 86]}
• Rabies vaccine ^{[note 86]}
• Typhoid vaccine ^{[note 86]}

Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics

• Influenza vaccine ^{[note 87]}
• Mumps vaccine ^{[note 87]}
• Varicella vaccine ^{[note 87]}

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors

• Neostigmine
• Suxamethonium
• Vecuronium
• Pyridostigmine ^α

Ophthalmological preparations

Anti-infective agents

• Aciclovir
• Azithromycin
• Erythromycin ^{[note 88]}
• Gentamicin ^{[note 89]}
• Natamycin
• Ofloxacin ^{[note 90]}
• Tetracycline ^{[note 91]}

Anti-inflammatory agents

• Prednisolone

Local anaesthetics

• Tetracaine ^{[note 92]}

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

No listings in this section.

Mydriatics

• Atropine ^{[note 93]}
• Epinephrine (adrenaline) ^α

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations

No listings in this section.

Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care

Contraceptives

No listings in this section.

Ovulation inducers

No listings in this section.

Uterotonics

No listings in this section.

Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

No listings in this section.

Other medicines administered to the mother

No listings in this section.

Medicines administered to the neonate

• Caffeine citrate
• Chlorhexidine
• Ibuprofen ^{α [note 94]}
• Prostaglandin E1 ^{α [note 95]}
• Surfactant ^α

Peritoneal dialysis solution

• Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition) ^α

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders

Medicines used in psychotic disorders

• Chlorpromazine ^α
• Haloperidol ^α

Medicines used in mood disorders

Medicines used in depressive disorders

• Fluoxetine ^α

Medicines used in bipolar disorders

No listings in this section.

Medicines for anxiety disorders

No listings in this section.

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

No listings in this section.

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

No listings in this section.

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract

Antiasthmatic medicines

• Budesonide ^{[note 96]}
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Salbutamol (albuterol) ^{[note 97]}

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances

Oral

• Oral rehydration salts
• Potassium chloride

Parenteral

• Glucose
• Glucose with sodium chloride
• Potassium chloride
• Sodium chloride
• Sodium hydrogen carbonate
• Sodium lactate, compound solution

Miscellaneous

• Water for injection

Vitamins and minerals

• Ascorbic acid
• Cholecalciferol ^{[note 98]}
• Iodine
• Multiple micronutrient powder
• Pyridoxine
• Retinol
• Riboflavin
• Thiamine
• Calcium gluconate ^α

Ear, nose and throat medicines

• Acetic acid
• Budesonide
• Ciprofloxacin ^{[note 99]}
• Xylometazoline

Medicines for diseases of joints

Medicines used to treat gout

No listings in this section.

Disease-modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders

• Hydroxychloroquine ^α
• Methotrexate ^α

Juvenile joint diseases

• Aspirin ^{α [note 100]}

Dental preparations

• Fluoride
• Glass ionomer cement
• Silver diamine fluoride

Notes

1. Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local availability and cost.
2. No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
3. Not in children less than three months.
4. Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
5. Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone.
6. For the management of cancer pain.
7. Alternatives limited to dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron
8. Alternatives limited to cetirizine and fexofenadine
9. There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications.
10. Alternatives limited to prednisone
11. For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
12. Alternatives limited to diazepam and midazolam
13. For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.
14. The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
15. Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
16. Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
17. > 1 month.
18. Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.
19. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
20. cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
21. Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
22. Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
23. Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
24. Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
25. > 41 weeks corrected gestational age.
26. Erythromycin may be an alternative.
27. Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only, except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates, where meropenem is preferred
28. For use only in combination with meropenem.
29. Terizidone may be an alternative
30. Prothionamide may be used as an alternative.
31. For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, acute invasive aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, mycoses caused by T. marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients.
32. For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.
33. Alternatives limited to anidulafungin and caspofungin
34. for use in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines
35. For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers only.
36. Severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
37. For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
38. Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
39. Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir
40. Alternatives limited to tinidazole
41. To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
42. For use in the management of severe malaria.
43. Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
44. To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.
45. Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives.
46. For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
47. For use only in combination with quinine.
48. To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
49. Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days.
50. For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline.
51. Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
52. For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
53. For use only in combination with chloroquine.
54. For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage of human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
55. To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
56. To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
57. To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
58. Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
59. etanercept and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
60. including quality-assured biosimilars
61. including quality-assured biosimilars
62. Alternatives limited to prednisone
63. Alternatives limited to epoetin alfa, beta and theta, darbepoetin alfa, and their quality-assured biosimilars.
64. Alternatives are limited to nadroparin, dalteparin, and their quality-assured biosimilars.
65. Alternatives are limited to the oral form of deferasirox.
66. Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered as equivalent.
67. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
68. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
69. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
70. Alternatives limited to calcitriol and tacalcitol
71. Alternatives limited to podophyllotoxin
72. Alternatives limited to precipitated sulfur topical ointment
73. Alternatives limited to atropine and cyclopentolate
74. Alternatives limited to propanol
75. Alternatives limited to iodine
76. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
77. Alternatives limited to chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone
78. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
79. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
80. In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts
81. Alternatives limited to insulin detemir, insulin degludec, and insulin glargine, including quality-assured biosimilars
82. Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability.
83. For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
84. Exact type to be defined locally.
85. Recommended for certain regions
86. Recommended for some high-risk populations
87. Recommended for immunisation programmes with certain characteristics
88. Infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
89. Alternatives limited to amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin
90. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
91. Alternatives limited to chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline
92. Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
93. Alternatives limited to homatropine hydrobromide or cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
94. Alternatives limited to indometacin
95. Alternatives limited to prostaglandin E2
96. Alternatives limited to beclometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, and mometasone
97. Alternatives limited to terbutaline
98. Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.
99. Alternatives limited to ofloxacin
100. For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease

References

1. "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
2. "Essential medicines". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
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Further reading

• World Health Organization (2015). The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/189763 . ISBN   9789240694941. ISSN   0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 994.
• World Health Organization (2017). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/259481 . ISBN   978-92-4-121015-7. ISSN   0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 1006.
• World Health Organization (2019). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2019 (including the 21st WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 7th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/330668 . ISBN   9789241210300. ISSN   0512-3054. WHO technical report series;1021.

External links

eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List